Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ABD’de Türkçe Öğretimi: Zorluklar, Fırsatlar, Aidiyet ve Kimlik

Year 2014, Issue: 70, 211 - 236, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Bu makalede Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndeki Türk dili programlarının durumu tartışılmaktadır. ABD’nde Türkçe eğitim ve öğretimi için olanak yaratan üç ana program türü incelenmektedir: (1) yüksek eğitim kurumları bünyesindeki programlar, (2) toplum dernekleri bünyesindeki programlar ve (3) okul çağındaki çocuklar için olan programlar. Makale, üçüncü program türüne odaklanmakta ve Türk göçmenler tarafından kurulup işletilmekte olan bir toplum okulu hakkında yapılmış bir durum çalışmasını da tanıtmaktadır. Durum çalışmasının sonuçları birinci nesil yetişkinler ile ikinci nesil çocukların dil seçimleri ve dilsel kimlikleri arasındaki farklılıkları göstermektedir. Makale bütünüyle ABD’nde Türk dili ve kültürü öğretimi için zorluk ve fırsat yaratan etkenlere işaret etmektedir.

References

  • American Association of Teachers of Turkic Languages (AATT). -Online document: http://aatturkic.org/. Retrieved: September 27, 2013.
  • Ahmed, Frank (1986). Turks in America: The Ottoman Turk’s immigrant experience. Connecticut: Columbia International Press.
  • Berlinski, Claire (2012). “Who is Fethullah Gulen?”. City Journal 22 (4). Retrieved: September 27, 2013.
  • Brooklyn Amity School (BAS) (2011) Home page.- Online document: http://www.amityschool.org/
  • Canagarajah, Suresh (2006). “Ethnographic methods in language policy”. An introduction to language policy: theory and method. Ed. T. Ricento. Blackwell Publishing. 153-169.
  • Carreira, Maria (2004). “Seeking explanatory adequacy: A dual approach to understanding the term ‘heritage language learner.’” Heritage Language Learner 2: 1.
  • Creese, Angela (2005). Teacher collaboration and talk in multilingual classrooms. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • _____, (2008). “Linguistic ethnography”. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd edition, Volume 10: Research Methods in Language and Education. Ed. K. A. King and N. H. Horneberger. Springer Science + Business Media LLC. 229-241.
  • Creese, Angela, Taşkin Baraç, Arvind Bhatt, Adrian Blackledge, Shahela Hamid, and Li Wei (2008). “Investigating multilingualism in complementary schools in four communities”. Final Report for the ESCR for Project No: RES-000-23-1180.
  • Fishman, Joshua (1972). “The impact of nationalism on language planning”. Can Language Be Planned? Ed. J. Rubin and B. Jernudd. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. 3-20.
  • _____, Joshua A. (1980). “Ethnic community mother tongue schools in the USA.: Dynamics and distributions”. International Migration Review 14 (2): 235-247.
  • _____, (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
  • _____, (2001). “300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States”. Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource. Ed. J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard and S. McGinnis. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems. 81-99.
  • García, Ofelia. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Malden, MA, Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell Publishing.
  • Gee, James Paul. (1999, 2005). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Geertz, Clifford (1973). “Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture”. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Ed. C. Geertz. New York: Basic Books. 3-30.
  • Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hadi-Tabassum, Samina. (2006). Language, space, and power: A critical look at bilingual education. Clevedon, Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Heller, Monica. (1999). Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. London, New York: Longman.
  • Institute of Turkish Studies, http://www.turkishstudies.org/turkish_in_the_us/studies.shtml- Online document. [Access date September 27, 2013]
  • Kaya, İlhan (2003). Shifting Turkish American identity formations in the United States. PhD thesis. USA: The Florida State University.
  • _____, (2004). “Turkish-American immigration history and identity formations”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24 (2): 295-308.
  • Kroskrity, Paul V. (2000). “Regimenting languages: Language ideological perspectives”. Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Ed. P. V. Kroskrity.. New Mexico, Oxford: School of American Research Press. 1- 34.
  • Kuruoğlu, Güliz, Ayla Algar, Engin Sezer, Sibel Erol and Ralph Jaeckel (2002). Language learning framework for Turkish. NCOLCTL.
  • Martinez-Roldán, Carmen M. and Guillermo Malavé (2004). “Language ideologies mediating literacy and identity in bilingual contexts”. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 4 (2): 155-180.
  • Matarese, Maureen (2013). “Beyond community: Networks of bilingual community support for languages other than English in New York City”. Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. García, O., Zakharia, Z. and Otcu, B. Multilingual Matters.
  • Norton, Bonny (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity, and educational change. London: Longman.
  • Otcu, G. Bahar (2009) Language maintenance and cultural identity construction in a Turkish Saturday school in New York City. Ed. D. Thesis, Teachers College Columbia University.
  • _____, (2010a). Language maintenance and cultural identity construction: An ethnography of discourses in a complementary school in the US. Saarbrücken: VDM Müller.
  • _____, (2010b). “Heritage language maintenance and cultural identity formation: The case of a Turkish Saturday school in New York City”. Heritage Language Journal 7 (2): 112-137.
  • _____, (2013). “Turkishness in New York: Languages, ideologies and identities in a community-based school”. Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. Ed. García, O., Zakharia, Z. and Otcu, B. Multilingual Matters.
  • Pennycook, Alastair (2003). Global Englishes, rip slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7 (4): 513-533.
  • Pioneer Academy of Science (PAS) (2011). Home page.- Online document: http://www.pioneeracademy.org/
  • Rampton, Ben, Karen Tusting, Janet Maybin, Richard Barwell, Angela Creese, and Vally Lytra (2004). “UK linguistic ethnography: A discussion paper”. UK Linguistic Ethnography Forum.
  • Reyes, Angela (2007). Language, identity, and stereotype among southeast Asian American youth: The other Asian. Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Sinclair, John McHardy and Malcolm Coulthard (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse: The language of teachers and pupil. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Trinkle, Dennis (2006). The history highway. M. E. Sharpe.
  • Turkish Connection (1996-2007). “Turkish radio, TV and newspapers”.- Online document: http://www.turkishconnection.com/media.htm [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • Turkish Olympiad (2011). “Home page”.- Online document: http://turkisholympiad.com/ [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • United States Census Bureau (2005). “American Community Survey People Reporting Ancestry” - Online document: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0051.xls [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • _____, (2012). “American Community Survey People Reporting Ancestry” – Online document: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0052.xls [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • Van Deusen-Scholl, Nelleke (2003). “Toward a definition of heritage language: Sociopolitical and pedagogical considerations”. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 2 (3): 211-230.
  • Woolard, Kathryn A. (1998). “Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry”. Language ideologies: Practice and theory. Ed. B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, and P. Kroskrity. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3-47.

Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities

Year 2014, Issue: 70, 211 - 236, 01.06.2014

Abstract

This article discusses the status of Turkish language programs in the United States. It investigates three main types of programs which provide opportunities for the teaching and learning of Turkish in the US: (1) programs within the institutions of higher education (IHEs), (2) programs within community organizations, and (3) programs for children of school age. Focusing on the last program type, the article introduces a case study of a community-based school founded and operated by Turkish immigrants. The results of the case study reveal the differences between the first generation adults and the second generation children’s language choices and linguistic identities. Overall, the article pinpoints the challenging factors and opportunities for the teaching of Turkish language and culture in the US.

References

  • American Association of Teachers of Turkic Languages (AATT). -Online document: http://aatturkic.org/. Retrieved: September 27, 2013.
  • Ahmed, Frank (1986). Turks in America: The Ottoman Turk’s immigrant experience. Connecticut: Columbia International Press.
  • Berlinski, Claire (2012). “Who is Fethullah Gulen?”. City Journal 22 (4). Retrieved: September 27, 2013.
  • Brooklyn Amity School (BAS) (2011) Home page.- Online document: http://www.amityschool.org/
  • Canagarajah, Suresh (2006). “Ethnographic methods in language policy”. An introduction to language policy: theory and method. Ed. T. Ricento. Blackwell Publishing. 153-169.
  • Carreira, Maria (2004). “Seeking explanatory adequacy: A dual approach to understanding the term ‘heritage language learner.’” Heritage Language Learner 2: 1.
  • Creese, Angela (2005). Teacher collaboration and talk in multilingual classrooms. Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • _____, (2008). “Linguistic ethnography”. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd edition, Volume 10: Research Methods in Language and Education. Ed. K. A. King and N. H. Horneberger. Springer Science + Business Media LLC. 229-241.
  • Creese, Angela, Taşkin Baraç, Arvind Bhatt, Adrian Blackledge, Shahela Hamid, and Li Wei (2008). “Investigating multilingualism in complementary schools in four communities”. Final Report for the ESCR for Project No: RES-000-23-1180.
  • Fishman, Joshua (1972). “The impact of nationalism on language planning”. Can Language Be Planned? Ed. J. Rubin and B. Jernudd. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. 3-20.
  • _____, Joshua A. (1980). “Ethnic community mother tongue schools in the USA.: Dynamics and distributions”. International Migration Review 14 (2): 235-247.
  • _____, (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual Matters.
  • _____, (2001). “300-plus years of heritage language education in the United States”. Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource. Ed. J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard and S. McGinnis. McHenry, IL: Center for Applied Linguistics and Delta Systems. 81-99.
  • García, Ofelia. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Malden, MA, Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell Publishing.
  • Gee, James Paul. (1999, 2005). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London, New York: Routledge.
  • Geertz, Clifford (1973). “Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture”. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Ed. C. Geertz. New York: Basic Books. 3-30.
  • Gumperz, John J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hadi-Tabassum, Samina. (2006). Language, space, and power: A critical look at bilingual education. Clevedon, Buffalo: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Heller, Monica. (1999). Linguistic minorities and modernity: A sociolinguistic ethnography. London, New York: Longman.
  • Institute of Turkish Studies, http://www.turkishstudies.org/turkish_in_the_us/studies.shtml- Online document. [Access date September 27, 2013]
  • Kaya, İlhan (2003). Shifting Turkish American identity formations in the United States. PhD thesis. USA: The Florida State University.
  • _____, (2004). “Turkish-American immigration history and identity formations”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 24 (2): 295-308.
  • Kroskrity, Paul V. (2000). “Regimenting languages: Language ideological perspectives”. Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities. Ed. P. V. Kroskrity.. New Mexico, Oxford: School of American Research Press. 1- 34.
  • Kuruoğlu, Güliz, Ayla Algar, Engin Sezer, Sibel Erol and Ralph Jaeckel (2002). Language learning framework for Turkish. NCOLCTL.
  • Martinez-Roldán, Carmen M. and Guillermo Malavé (2004). “Language ideologies mediating literacy and identity in bilingual contexts”. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 4 (2): 155-180.
  • Matarese, Maureen (2013). “Beyond community: Networks of bilingual community support for languages other than English in New York City”. Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. García, O., Zakharia, Z. and Otcu, B. Multilingual Matters.
  • Norton, Bonny (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity, and educational change. London: Longman.
  • Otcu, G. Bahar (2009) Language maintenance and cultural identity construction in a Turkish Saturday school in New York City. Ed. D. Thesis, Teachers College Columbia University.
  • _____, (2010a). Language maintenance and cultural identity construction: An ethnography of discourses in a complementary school in the US. Saarbrücken: VDM Müller.
  • _____, (2010b). “Heritage language maintenance and cultural identity formation: The case of a Turkish Saturday school in New York City”. Heritage Language Journal 7 (2): 112-137.
  • _____, (2013). “Turkishness in New York: Languages, ideologies and identities in a community-based school”. Bilingual community education and multilingualism: Beyond heritage languages in a global city. Ed. García, O., Zakharia, Z. and Otcu, B. Multilingual Matters.
  • Pennycook, Alastair (2003). Global Englishes, rip slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7 (4): 513-533.
  • Pioneer Academy of Science (PAS) (2011). Home page.- Online document: http://www.pioneeracademy.org/
  • Rampton, Ben, Karen Tusting, Janet Maybin, Richard Barwell, Angela Creese, and Vally Lytra (2004). “UK linguistic ethnography: A discussion paper”. UK Linguistic Ethnography Forum.
  • Reyes, Angela (2007). Language, identity, and stereotype among southeast Asian American youth: The other Asian. Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Sinclair, John McHardy and Malcolm Coulthard (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse: The language of teachers and pupil. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Trinkle, Dennis (2006). The history highway. M. E. Sharpe.
  • Turkish Connection (1996-2007). “Turkish radio, TV and newspapers”.- Online document: http://www.turkishconnection.com/media.htm [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • Turkish Olympiad (2011). “Home page”.- Online document: http://turkisholympiad.com/ [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • United States Census Bureau (2005). “American Community Survey People Reporting Ancestry” - Online document: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0051.xls [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • _____, (2012). “American Community Survey People Reporting Ancestry” – Online document: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0052.xls [Access date: June 15, 2014]
  • Van Deusen-Scholl, Nelleke (2003). “Toward a definition of heritage language: Sociopolitical and pedagogical considerations”. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 2 (3): 211-230.
  • Woolard, Kathryn A. (1998). “Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry”. Language ideologies: Practice and theory. Ed. B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, and P. Kroskrity. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3-47.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Other ID JA75SH66KT
Journal Section Book Reviews
Authors

Bahar Otcu-grıllman This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Issue: 70

Cite

APA Otcu-grıllman, B. (2014). Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities. Bilig(70), 211-236.
AMA Otcu-grıllman B. Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities. Bilig. June 2014;(70):211-236.
Chicago Otcu-grıllman, Bahar. “Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities”. Bilig, no. 70 (June 2014): 211-36.
EndNote Otcu-grıllman B (June 1, 2014) Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities. Bilig 70 211–236.
IEEE B. Otcu-grıllman, “Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities”, Bilig, no. 70, pp. 211–236, June 2014.
ISNAD Otcu-grıllman, Bahar. “Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities”. Bilig 70 (June 2014), 211-236.
JAMA Otcu-grıllman B. Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities. Bilig. 2014;:211–236.
MLA Otcu-grıllman, Bahar. “Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities”. Bilig, no. 70, 2014, pp. 211-36.
Vancouver Otcu-grıllman B. Turkish Language Teaching in the US: Challenges, Opportunities, Sense of Belonging and Identities. Bilig. 2014(70):211-36.

Ahmet Yesevi University Board of Trustees