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Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam

Year 2023, Issue: 104, 153 - 178, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10406

Abstract

Turkish-Islam has become a part of Europe today more than ever. Turkish immigrants and their religious institutions are the leading cause of this new situation, and they have been trying to legalize their belonging with their claims for recognition, especially in Germany. This article mainly elaborates on the recognition process with a focus on the reflections of European Islam discourse on the German scene and attempts to understand the reasons behind the current crisis around the recognition of Turkish-Islam. Even though the current perception of Islam in the host countries is the primary reason for many, this article approaches the issue from a historical institutionalist (HI) point of view and develops further arguments. Analysis of the empirical data shows that the lack of a unified voice in the Muslim society, structural inefficiencies of Islamic organizations, and politicizing of Islam-related issues could be counted as obstacles in the frame of recognition. However, the path dependency concept of HI allows this work to go beyond these visible problems and highlights the transnational linkages created in the foundation processes of these institutions as the main reason behind the failure.

Thanks

The data used in this paper were collected during the author’s Ph.D. education, which was funded in the frame of the MEB YLSY scholarship program.

References

  • Abadan-Unat, Nermin. “Türkiye’nin Son Elli Yıllık Emek Göçü: Yorum, Eleştiri, Öngörü.” Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi: 14. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye’de Göçler, edited by M. Murat Erdoğan and Ayhan Kaya, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015, pp. 261–77.
  • Argun, Betigül Ercan. Turkey in Germany: The Transitional Sphere of Deutschkei. 1 st ed., Routledge, 2003.
  • Baser, Bahar, and Élise Féron. “Host State Reactions to Home State Diaspora Engagement Policies: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Limits of Diaspora Governance.” Global Networks, vol. 22, no. 2, 2022, pp. 226–41, https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12341.
  • Bauböck, Rainer. “Cold Constellations and Hot Identities: Political Theory Questions about Transnationalism and Diaspora.” Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, edited by Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, pp. 295–323, https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813044583.003.0003.
  • Beilschmidt, Theresa. “Religious Practices of DITIB Mosque Community Members: Perspectives from Germany.” Islamic Organizations in Europe and the USA, edited by Matthias Kortmann and Kerstin Rosenow-Williams, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 186–203.
  • Binswanger, Karl., and Fethi. Sipahioğlu. Türkisch-Islamische Vereine Als Faktor Deutsch-Türkischer Koexistenz. Rieß, 1988.
  • Castles, Stephen. “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe? An Obituary.” The International Migration Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 1986, pp. 761–78.
  • Ceylan, Rauf. “From Guest Workers to Muslim Immigrants: The History of Muslims and Their Organizations in Germany.” Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives, edited by Mario Peucker and Rauf Ceylan, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 75–92, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13889-9_5.
  • Comte, Emmanuel. The History of the European Migration Regime: Germany’s Strategic Hegemony. Routledge, 2018.
  • Doomernik, Jeroen. “The Institutionalization of Turkish Islam in Germany and The Netherlands: A Comparison.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, 1995, pp. 46–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993853.
  • Ewing, Katherine Pratt. “Living Islam in the Diaspora: Between Turkey and Germany.” The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 102, no. 2/3, 2003, pp. 405–31, https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-405.
  • Fioretes, O., et al. “Historical Institutionalism and Political Science.” The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism, edited by O. Fioretes et al., Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Gorzewski, Andreas. Die Türkisch-Islamische Union Im Wandel. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08867-5.
  • Kastoryano, Riva. “Religion and Incorporation: Islam in France and Germany.” International Migration Review, vol. 38, no. 3, 2004, pp. 1234–55.
  • Kortmann, Matthias. “Debating the ‘Integration of Islam’: The Discourse between Governmental Actors and Islamic Representatives in Germany and the Netherlands.” Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 6, no. 24, 2018, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0086-2.
  • Laurence, Jonathan. “Managing Transnational Islam: Muslims and the State in Western Europe.” Immigration and the Transformation of Europe, edited by M. Parsons, Craig, A.; Smeeding, Timothy, no. May, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006, pp. 251–73, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493577.010.
  • Lecours, André. New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis. Toronto University Press, 2005.
  • Lemmen, Thomas. “Muslimische Organisationen in Deutschland.” Muslime in Deutschland: Historische Bestandsaufnahme, Aktuelle Entwicklungen Und Zukünftige Forschungsfragen, edited by Peter Antes and Rauf Ceylan, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 309–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15115-7_16.
  • Muckel, Stefan. “Muslimische Religionsgemeinschaften Als Körperschaften Des Öffentlichen Rechts.” Muslime in Deutschland, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 77–113, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15115-7_5.
  • Mügge, Liza. “Managing Transnationalism: Continuity and Change in Turkish State Policy.” International Migration, vol. 50, no. 1, 2012, pp. 20–38, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00666.x.
  • Nielsen, Jorgen. “The Question of Euro-Islam: Restriction or Opportunity?” Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity and Influence, edited by Aziz Al-Azmeh and Effie Fokas, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 34–48, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809309.004.
  • Rohe, Mathias. “Islamic Norms in Germany and Europe.” Islam and Muslims in Germany, edited by Ala Al-Hamarneh and Jorn Thielmann, Brill, 2008, pp. 49–81, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158665.I-592.17.
  • Şahin-Mencütek, Zeynep, and Bahar Başer. “Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2017.1375269.
  • Sirkeci, İbrahim. The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany. E. Mellen Press, 2006.
  • Sirseloudi, Matenia. “The Meaning of Religion and Identity for the Violent Radicalisation of the Turkish Diaspora in Germany.” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 24, no. 5, 2012, pp. 807–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.644105.
  • Spielhaus, Riem, and Martin Herzog. “Finding a Place for Islam in Germany: Islamic Organisations under Private and Public Law.” Journal of Religion in Europe, vol. 8, no. 3–4, 2015, pp. 419–43, https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00804009.
  • Spuler-Stegemann, Ursula. Muslime in Deutschland Informationen Und Klärungen. Herder, 2002.
  • Steinmo, Sven. “Historical Institutionalism.” Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective, edited by Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 118–39.
  • Sunier, Thijl, et al. “The Long Arm of the State? Transnationalism, Islam, and Nation-Building: The Case of Turkey and Morocco.” Contemporary Islam, vol. 10, no. 3, 2016, pp. 401–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-016-0353-7.
  • Sunier, Thijl, and Nico Landman. Transnational Turkish Islam: Shifting Geographies of Religious Activism and Community Building in Turkey and Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137394224.
  • Sydow, Gernot. “The Legal Status of Muslim Communities in Germany.” Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, edited by Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Christian Walter, 1st ed., Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013, pp. 241–50, https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845243399-241.
  • Thelen, Kathleen, and Sven Steinmo. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 1–21. Ünver, Osman Can. “Almanya’ya Türk İşgücü Göçü: Geçmişten Geleceğe Sorunlar, İmkanlar ve Fırsatlar.” Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, no. 45, Jan. 2012, pp. 177–226.
  • Vertovec, Steven. “Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 1999, pp. 447–62.
  • Yanarışık, Oğuzhan. “Yükselen Irkçılık ve İslamofobi Gölgesinde Yaşayan Avrupa Türkleri: Almanya Örneği.” Yeni Türkiye, no. 54, 2013, pp. 2911–17.
  • Yükleyen, Ahmet. Localizing Islam in Europe. Syracuse University Press, 2012.
  • Official Documents Document 1, Bundestag, “Zur Einreise von drittstaatsangehörigen Imamen nach Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 3 - 3000 - 170/18, 04.06.2018.
  • Document 2, Bundestag, “Gesetzliche Regelungen mit Bezug zu islamischen Religionsgemeinschaften”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 3 – 3000 – 259/16, 01.12.2016.
  • Document 3, Bundestag, “Verfassungrechtliche Bedenken gegen die Anerkennung der Yeziden als Religionsgemeinschaft in Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 – 3000 – 017/16, 24.03.2016.
  • Document 4, Bundestag, “Rechtlicher Status der DİTİB”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 – 3000 – 053/18, 19.07.2018.
  • Document 5, Bundestag, “Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Verhältnisses von Staat und Religionsgemeinschaften in Deutschland: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rahmenbedingungen für Muslime”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 - 3000 - 074/08, 29.08.2008.
  • Document 6, Bundestag, “Fragen zur religionsrechtlichen Anerkennung des Islam in Frankreich und Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WF III – 079/06, 20.03.2006.
  • Document 7, Bundestag, “Religionsrechtliche Regelungen für Juden und Muslime”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Drucksache, no: WF III G – 151/06, 20.04.2006.
  • Document 8, Bundestag, Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Anfrage: “Einfluss ausländischer Staaten, Parteien und Stiftungen auf islamische Gemeinschaften in Deutschland und offene Fragen aus der Deutschen Islam Konferenz (DIK)”, Drucksache, no: 18/13658, 29.09.2017.
  • Document 9, Bundestag, “Muslimische Dachverbände in Deutschland: Zur rechtlichen Organisation”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 1 – 3000 – 018/18 / WD 7 – 3000 – 112/18, 29.05.2018.
  • Document 10, Bundestag, “Rechtsfolgen aus der Organisationsform von islamischen Verbänden”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 7-3000 – 112/18, 28.05.2018.
  • SPD Elections Manifesto, 2017 https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Bundesparteitag_2017/Es_ist_Zeit_fuer_mehr_Gerechtigkeit-Unser_Regierungsprogramm.pdf.
  • CDU/CSU Elections Manifesto, 2017 https://www.cdu.de/system/tdf/media/dokumente/170816-regierungsprogrammn-english-version.pdf?file=1&type=field_collection_item&id=10785.
  • German Basic Law, 1949.
  • https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html.

Avrupa İslamı Söyleminin Almanya’ya Yansımaları ve Almanya’da Türk-İslam’ın Tanınması Meselesi

Year 2023, Issue: 104, 153 - 178, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10406

Abstract

Türk-İslam bugün tarihte hiç olmadığı kadar Avrupa’nın bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Bu durumun temel sebebi olan Türk göçmenlerin dini kurumları ise özellikle Almanya’da bu durumu resmiyete dökmek ve eşit haklar ele edebilmek için uzunca bir süredir mücadele etmektedirler. Bu çalışma temel olarak mezkur tanınma sürecini, Avrupa İslamı şeklinde ifade edilen kavramın Almanya’ya yansımaları ile birlikte ele almakta ve tanınma süreçlerinin başarısız olmasının sebeplerini irdelemektedir. Her ne kadar İslam çevresinde oluşan siyasi atmosfer, olumsuz durumun ilk akla gelen sebebi olsa da, ortadaki tek sorun bu değildir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamız toplanan ampirik yığının işaret ettiği tanınmanın önündeki çok seslilik, yapısal yetersizlikler ve siyasal etkenler gibi sorunların temeline tarihsel kurumsalcı bir bakış açısı ile yaklaşarak özgün bir iddia ortaya atmaktadır. Buna göre Türk-İslam’ın Almanya’da tanınmasının önündeki engeller başlangıç durumunda oluşturulan transnasyonel bağlantıların sebep olduğu “izlek bağımlığının” bir sonucudur.

References

  • Abadan-Unat, Nermin. “Türkiye’nin Son Elli Yıllık Emek Göçü: Yorum, Eleştiri, Öngörü.” Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi: 14. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye’de Göçler, edited by M. Murat Erdoğan and Ayhan Kaya, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015, pp. 261–77.
  • Argun, Betigül Ercan. Turkey in Germany: The Transitional Sphere of Deutschkei. 1 st ed., Routledge, 2003.
  • Baser, Bahar, and Élise Féron. “Host State Reactions to Home State Diaspora Engagement Policies: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Limits of Diaspora Governance.” Global Networks, vol. 22, no. 2, 2022, pp. 226–41, https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12341.
  • Bauböck, Rainer. “Cold Constellations and Hot Identities: Political Theory Questions about Transnationalism and Diaspora.” Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods, edited by Rainer Bauböck and Thomas Faist, Amsterdam University Press, 2010, pp. 295–323, https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813044583.003.0003.
  • Beilschmidt, Theresa. “Religious Practices of DITIB Mosque Community Members: Perspectives from Germany.” Islamic Organizations in Europe and the USA, edited by Matthias Kortmann and Kerstin Rosenow-Williams, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 186–203.
  • Binswanger, Karl., and Fethi. Sipahioğlu. Türkisch-Islamische Vereine Als Faktor Deutsch-Türkischer Koexistenz. Rieß, 1988.
  • Castles, Stephen. “The Guest-Worker in Western Europe? An Obituary.” The International Migration Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 1986, pp. 761–78.
  • Ceylan, Rauf. “From Guest Workers to Muslim Immigrants: The History of Muslims and Their Organizations in Germany.” Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives, edited by Mario Peucker and Rauf Ceylan, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 75–92, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13889-9_5.
  • Comte, Emmanuel. The History of the European Migration Regime: Germany’s Strategic Hegemony. Routledge, 2018.
  • Doomernik, Jeroen. “The Institutionalization of Turkish Islam in Germany and The Netherlands: A Comparison.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, 1995, pp. 46–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993853.
  • Ewing, Katherine Pratt. “Living Islam in the Diaspora: Between Turkey and Germany.” The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 102, no. 2/3, 2003, pp. 405–31, https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-405.
  • Fioretes, O., et al. “Historical Institutionalism and Political Science.” The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism, edited by O. Fioretes et al., Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Gorzewski, Andreas. Die Türkisch-Islamische Union Im Wandel. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08867-5.
  • Kastoryano, Riva. “Religion and Incorporation: Islam in France and Germany.” International Migration Review, vol. 38, no. 3, 2004, pp. 1234–55.
  • Kortmann, Matthias. “Debating the ‘Integration of Islam’: The Discourse between Governmental Actors and Islamic Representatives in Germany and the Netherlands.” Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 6, no. 24, 2018, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0086-2.
  • Laurence, Jonathan. “Managing Transnational Islam: Muslims and the State in Western Europe.” Immigration and the Transformation of Europe, edited by M. Parsons, Craig, A.; Smeeding, Timothy, no. May, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006, pp. 251–73, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493577.010.
  • Lecours, André. New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis. Toronto University Press, 2005.
  • Lemmen, Thomas. “Muslimische Organisationen in Deutschland.” Muslime in Deutschland: Historische Bestandsaufnahme, Aktuelle Entwicklungen Und Zukünftige Forschungsfragen, edited by Peter Antes and Rauf Ceylan, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 309–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15115-7_16.
  • Muckel, Stefan. “Muslimische Religionsgemeinschaften Als Körperschaften Des Öffentlichen Rechts.” Muslime in Deutschland, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, pp. 77–113, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15115-7_5.
  • Mügge, Liza. “Managing Transnationalism: Continuity and Change in Turkish State Policy.” International Migration, vol. 50, no. 1, 2012, pp. 20–38, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00666.x.
  • Nielsen, Jorgen. “The Question of Euro-Islam: Restriction or Opportunity?” Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity and Influence, edited by Aziz Al-Azmeh and Effie Fokas, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 34–48, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809309.004.
  • Rohe, Mathias. “Islamic Norms in Germany and Europe.” Islam and Muslims in Germany, edited by Ala Al-Hamarneh and Jorn Thielmann, Brill, 2008, pp. 49–81, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158665.I-592.17.
  • Şahin-Mencütek, Zeynep, and Bahar Başer. “Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad.” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2017.1375269.
  • Sirkeci, İbrahim. The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany. E. Mellen Press, 2006.
  • Sirseloudi, Matenia. “The Meaning of Religion and Identity for the Violent Radicalisation of the Turkish Diaspora in Germany.” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 24, no. 5, 2012, pp. 807–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.644105.
  • Spielhaus, Riem, and Martin Herzog. “Finding a Place for Islam in Germany: Islamic Organisations under Private and Public Law.” Journal of Religion in Europe, vol. 8, no. 3–4, 2015, pp. 419–43, https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-00804009.
  • Spuler-Stegemann, Ursula. Muslime in Deutschland Informationen Und Klärungen. Herder, 2002.
  • Steinmo, Sven. “Historical Institutionalism.” Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective, edited by Donatella della Porta and Michael Keating, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 118–39.
  • Sunier, Thijl, et al. “The Long Arm of the State? Transnationalism, Islam, and Nation-Building: The Case of Turkey and Morocco.” Contemporary Islam, vol. 10, no. 3, 2016, pp. 401–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-016-0353-7.
  • Sunier, Thijl, and Nico Landman. Transnational Turkish Islam: Shifting Geographies of Religious Activism and Community Building in Turkey and Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137394224.
  • Sydow, Gernot. “The Legal Status of Muslim Communities in Germany.” Transformation of Church and State Relations in Great Britain and Germany, edited by Antje von Ungern-Sternberg and Christian Walter, 1st ed., Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2013, pp. 241–50, https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845243399-241.
  • Thelen, Kathleen, and Sven Steinmo. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 1–21. Ünver, Osman Can. “Almanya’ya Türk İşgücü Göçü: Geçmişten Geleceğe Sorunlar, İmkanlar ve Fırsatlar.” Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, no. 45, Jan. 2012, pp. 177–226.
  • Vertovec, Steven. “Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 1999, pp. 447–62.
  • Yanarışık, Oğuzhan. “Yükselen Irkçılık ve İslamofobi Gölgesinde Yaşayan Avrupa Türkleri: Almanya Örneği.” Yeni Türkiye, no. 54, 2013, pp. 2911–17.
  • Yükleyen, Ahmet. Localizing Islam in Europe. Syracuse University Press, 2012.
  • Official Documents Document 1, Bundestag, “Zur Einreise von drittstaatsangehörigen Imamen nach Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 3 - 3000 - 170/18, 04.06.2018.
  • Document 2, Bundestag, “Gesetzliche Regelungen mit Bezug zu islamischen Religionsgemeinschaften”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 3 – 3000 – 259/16, 01.12.2016.
  • Document 3, Bundestag, “Verfassungrechtliche Bedenken gegen die Anerkennung der Yeziden als Religionsgemeinschaft in Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 – 3000 – 017/16, 24.03.2016.
  • Document 4, Bundestag, “Rechtlicher Status der DİTİB”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 – 3000 – 053/18, 19.07.2018.
  • Document 5, Bundestag, “Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Verhältnisses von Staat und Religionsgemeinschaften in Deutschland: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rahmenbedingungen für Muslime”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WD 10 - 3000 - 074/08, 29.08.2008.
  • Document 6, Bundestag, “Fragen zur religionsrechtlichen Anerkennung des Islam in Frankreich und Deutschland”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Ausarbeitung, no: WF III – 079/06, 20.03.2006.
  • Document 7, Bundestag, “Religionsrechtliche Regelungen für Juden und Muslime”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Drucksache, no: WF III G – 151/06, 20.04.2006.
  • Document 8, Bundestag, Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Anfrage: “Einfluss ausländischer Staaten, Parteien und Stiftungen auf islamische Gemeinschaften in Deutschland und offene Fragen aus der Deutschen Islam Konferenz (DIK)”, Drucksache, no: 18/13658, 29.09.2017.
  • Document 9, Bundestag, “Muslimische Dachverbände in Deutschland: Zur rechtlichen Organisation”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 1 – 3000 – 018/18 / WD 7 – 3000 – 112/18, 29.05.2018.
  • Document 10, Bundestag, “Rechtsfolgen aus der Organisationsform von islamischen Verbänden”, Wissenschaftliche Dienste, Sachstand, no: WD 7-3000 – 112/18, 28.05.2018.
  • SPD Elections Manifesto, 2017 https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Bundesparteitag_2017/Es_ist_Zeit_fuer_mehr_Gerechtigkeit-Unser_Regierungsprogramm.pdf.
  • CDU/CSU Elections Manifesto, 2017 https://www.cdu.de/system/tdf/media/dokumente/170816-regierungsprogrammn-english-version.pdf?file=1&type=field_collection_item&id=10785.
  • German Basic Law, 1949.
  • https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mahmut Mazlum 0000-0002-4139-7134

Publication Date January 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 104

Cite

APA Mazlum, M. (2023). Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam. Bilig(104), 153-178. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10406
AMA Mazlum M. Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam. Bilig. January 2023;(104):153-178. doi:10.12995/bilig.10406
Chicago Mazlum, Mahmut. “Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam”. Bilig, no. 104 (January 2023): 153-78. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10406.
EndNote Mazlum M (January 1, 2023) Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam. Bilig 104 153–178.
IEEE M. Mazlum, “Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam”, Bilig, no. 104, pp. 153–178, January 2023, doi: 10.12995/bilig.10406.
ISNAD Mazlum, Mahmut. “Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam”. Bilig 104 (January 2023), 153-178. https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10406.
JAMA Mazlum M. Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam. Bilig. 2023;:153–178.
MLA Mazlum, Mahmut. “Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam”. Bilig, no. 104, 2023, pp. 153-78, doi:10.12995/bilig.10406.
Vancouver Mazlum M. Reflections of ‘European Islam’ Discourse to Germany and Recognition of Turkish-Islam. Bilig. 2023(104):153-78.

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