Algının Çerçevelenmesi: İngiliz Basınında 1896 Osmanlı Bankası Baskını

Year 2023, Issue: 105, 79 - 97, 27.04.2023

Levent Ürer Asuman Kutlu

https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10504

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İngiliz gazetelerinin 1896 yılındaki Osmanlı Bankası Baskınını nasıl çerçevelediğini ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun uluslararası alandaki siyasi ve sosyal yeniden inşasında bu çerçevelerin rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Nitel bir tümevarımsal çerçeveleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Metin analizinin sonuçları iki ana çerçeve ortaya çıkarmıştır: (i) insani ilgi: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu içinde iç çekişme ve bölünme ile (ii) birleşme vurgusu: uluslararası ilişkilerde izolasyon politikası. Birinci çerçeve, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Müslüman nüfusa yönelik olumsuz metaforların kullanılmasıyla birlikte, öldürülen veya yaralanan Ermenilerin sayısına ilişkin dezenformasyonu içerirken, ikinci çerçeve, diplomatik baskıdan ziyade Avrupa’nın ulusal, uluslararası desteğine ve güçlü müdahalesine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Keywords

Osmanlı Bankası Baskını, Ermeni Saldırısı, İngiliz Basını, Çerçeveleme, Algı, Kamuoyu

Framing Perception: British Press Coverage of the 1896 Ottoman Bank Raid

Abstract

This study aimed to explore how British newspapers framed the Ottoman Bank Raid in 1896 and how they might have functioned in the political and social reconstruction of Ottoman Empire within the international sphere. A qualitative inductive framing analysis was carried out. The results of textual analysis revealed two main frames: (i) human interest: internal unrest and fracture within the Ottoman Empire and (ii) emphasis on unification: isolation policy within international relations. While the former frame mainly included disinformation regarding the number of Armenians killed or wounded, combined with constant use of negative metaphors for Ottoman Empire and Muslim population, the latter frame focused on national, international support and forceful intervention of Europe rather than diplomatic pressure.

Keywords

The Ottoman Bank Raid, Armenian Attack, British Press, Framing, Perception, Public Opinion

References

• “Armenian Horrors.” South Wales Daily News, 4 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• “Armenian Massacres: Wholesale Shipment of Armenians.” South Wales Echo, 10 Sept. 1896.
• “At Home and Abroad.” The Hampshire Telegram, 5 Sept., 1896, p. 4.
• Chong, Dennis, and Druckman, James N. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 10, 2007, pp. 103-126.
• “Constantinople and Its Horrors.” South Wales Daily News, 1 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• “Constantinople Riots: 5000 People Massacred.” The Bristol Mercury, 2 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• Çilesiz, Gürcan. 26 Ağustos 1896 Osmanlı Bankası ve Etkileri. Master thesis. İstanbul University, 2014.
• “Crisis at Constantinople.” The Leeds Mercury. 7 Sept. 1896, p. 7.
• “Deeds of Fiendish Bestiality:Hundreds of Girls Outraged and Killed.” Cardiff Times and South Wales Weekly News, 5 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• Deringil, Selim. İktidarın Sembolleri ve İdeoloji II. Abdülhamit Dönemi (1876-1909). Trans. Gül Çağalı Güven, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002.
• Entman, Robert M. “Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm.” Journal of Communication, vol. 43, no: 4, 1993, pp. 51-58.
• Entman, Robert M. “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power.” Journal of Communication, vol. 57, no. 1, 2007, pp. 163-173.
• Eraslan, Hülya. Osmanlı Bankası Baskını’nın (1896) Osmanlı Ermeni Basınında Ele Alınışı. PhD dissertation. Gazi University, 2016.
• Erickson, Edward J. Osmanlılar ve Ermeniler: Bir İsyanın ve Karşı Harekatın Tarihi. Trans. İbrahim Türkmen, Timaş Yayınları, 2015.
• “From Week to Week.” Newcastle Courant. 12 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• “Further Details of the Massacres: Bodies Thrown into the Sea.” The Glasgow Herald, 9 Sept., 1896, p. 8.
• Gamson, William. “A. News as Framing:Comments on Graber.” American Behavioral Scientist, 33(2), 1989, pp. 157-161.
• Georgeon, François. Sultan Abdülhamid. Translated by: Ali Berktay. Homer Kitabevi, 2006.
• Gitlin, Todd. The whole world is watching. University of California, 2003.
• Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis; An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Harper & Row, 1974.
• Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald. R. News That Matter: Television and Public Opinion. The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
• Karakoç, Ercan. Geçmişten Günümüze Ermeni Komiteleri ve Terörü. IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2009.
• Kuypers, Jim A. “Framing Analysis.” Rhetorical Criticism: Perspectives in Action, edited by Jim A. Kuypers, Lexington Books, 2009, pp. 181-204.
• Lewy, Guenter. The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genoside. The University of Utan Press, 2005.
• Lippmann, Walter. Public Opinion. Free Press, 1997.
• “London Correspondence.” The Freeman’s Journal, 31 Aug. 1896, p. 4.
• “Lost Armenia.” The Freeman’s Journal, 17 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• “Massacre at Constantinople: Hundreds Butchered: Shops Plundered.” Reynolds’s Newspaper, 30 Aug. 1896, p. 8.
• McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L. “The Agenda Setting Function of Mass Media.” The Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 2, 1972, pp. 176- 187.
• “Occasional Notes.” Pall Mall Gazette, 27 Aug. 1896, p. 2.
• “Occasional Notes.” Pall Mall Gazette, 3 Sept. 1896, p. 2.
• Pan, Zhongdang, and Kosicki, Gerald M. “Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse.” Political Communication, vol. 10, no. 1, 1993, pp. 55-75.
• “Revolotionary Outbreak at Constantinople.” South Wales Echo, 27 Aug. 1896, p. 3.
• “Rioting in Constantinople.” The Times, 27 Aug. 1896, p. 3.
• “Riots in Constantinople.” Liverpool Mercury, 28 Aug. 1896, p. 5.
• Scheufele, Dietram A. and Tewksbury, David. “Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models.” Journal of Communication, vol. 57, no. 1, 2007, pp. 9-20.
• “The Armenian Atrocities.” The Freeman’s Journal, 14 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Armenain Emeute: Bloodshed and Carnage.” South Wales Daily News, 31 Aug. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Assassin Ruler.” Reynolds’s Newspaper, 6 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• “The Attempt on The Sultan.” Pall Mall Gazette, 22 July 1905, p. 2.
• “The Blind Rage of The Press.” The Daily News, 17 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• The British Newspaper Archive, https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/.(Accessed May 2020).
• “The Constantinople Horrors: Butchery of Armenians.” Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, 30 Aug. 1896, p. 1.
• “The Constantinople Massacres:Where the Real Responsibility Lies.” The Ipswich Journal, 12 Sept. 1896, p. 2.
• “The Constantinople Riot.” The Bristol Mercury, 29 Aug. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Crisis in Turkey.” The Derby Mercury, 16 Sept. 1896, p. 3.
• The Derby Mercury. 9 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• The Glasgow Herald. 8 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• The Leeds Mercury. 4 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• The Leeds Mercury. 11 Sept. 1896, p. 4.
• The Leeds Mercury. 14 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Massacres in Constantinople.” The Daily News, 29 Aug. 1896, p. 5.
• “The New Armenian Riots.” Graphic, 5 Sept. 1896, p. 8.
• “The Note to The Sultan.” Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, 13 Sept. 1896, p. 1.
• “The Presidential Campaign.” The Bristol Mercury, 3 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Reign of Terror in Constantinople.” The Daily News, 1 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• “The Riot in Constantinople.” The Aberdeen Journal, 28 Aug. 1896, p. 4.
• “The Rioting in Constantinople.” The Times, 28 Aug, p. 3.
• “The Rioting in Constantinople.” The Times, 29 Aug, p. 3.
• “The Riots in Constantinople.” The Times, 31 Aug. 1896, p. 3.
• “The Situation in Constantinople.” The Belfast News-Letter, 1 Sept. 1896, p. 7.
• “The Situation in Constantinople.” The Belfast News-Letter, 3 Sept. 1896, p. 7.
• “The Situation in Constantinople.” The Times, 7 Sept. 1896, p. 3.
• The Times, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/. (Accessed May 2020).
• “The Turkish Atrocities.” The Belfast Newsletter, 14 Sept. 1896, p. 5.
• Tuchman, Gaye. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. Free Press, 1978.
• Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi. Belge Yayınları, 1976.
• “Why Cry Peace Where There is No Peace.” The Northern Echo, 15 Sept. 1896, p.3.
• Wimmer, Roger D. and Dominick, Joseph R. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2011.
• Yavuz, Fikrettin. Osmanlı Devleti Dış Politikasında Ermeni Sorunu: 1896 Osmanlı Bankası Baskını Örneği. PhD dissertation. Sakarya University, 2009.