Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Sintering Process of Aluminium Alloys
Year 2019,
Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 85 - 91, 31.12.2019
Onur Akkurt
,
Ayberk Altıntaş
,
Pınar Çavdar
,
Uğur Çavdar
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) compared with other known and conventional manufacturing technologies, machining process should not or less necessary requirement, as standard parts with complex geometry in a wide composition range can be manufactured serially, parts having mechanical properties desired material can be produced easily, such as being minimal losses as for these reasons finds widely used in industry. In addition, this production method has many advantages such as low investment costs, the equipment used in flexibility, high productivity, easy to produce materials with different properties. A large majority of product produced by powder metallurgy is used in the automotive industry. Powder metallurgy production method is developing in time in our country as well as all over the world. Sintering is one of the most complex issues of powder metallurgy. Sintering is heating process which causes substantially increased strength and improvement mechanical properties of particles will bond together. Sintering enables the connection to particles of contacting each other at high temperature. This connection may consist of solid atomic movements below the melting temperature but in many cases, it is accompanied by generation liquid phase. Sintering occurs with diffusion of atoms at high temperature and reduction of small particles surface energy. The purpose of this work that we have done, in aluminium alloys that is widely used in daily life and therefore in industry, it is to show the effects of the sintering process.
References
- [1] U. Çavdar, “Demir esaslı toz metal parçaların indüksiyonla sinterlenmesinde parametrelerin belirlenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa, 2009.
- [2] A.A. Cerit, Toz metalurjisi, Türkiye, 2-3, 2016. http://kocaelimakine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/toz-metalurjisi-afsin-alper-cerit.pdf
- [3] R.M. German, “Powder Metallurgy of Iron and Steel”, Jhon Willey and Sons, USA, 1998.
- [4] Metals Handbook vol.1, “Properties and selection: iron, steels and high performance alloys”, 10th Edition, American Society of Metals, Materials Park OH, 1990.
- [5] Bocchini G.F., Lindskog P.F., “Applications and developments of sintered ferrous materials, powder metallurgy-an overview”, The Institute of Metals Series on Powder Metallurgy, 287, (ed: I. Jenkins and J.V. Wood), 1991.
- [6] G.S. Upadhyaya, “Sintered metallic and ceramic materials-sintered low-alloy ferrous materials”, John Wiley & Sons LTD, West Sussex, England, 2000.
- [7] Fujiki A., “Present state and future prospects of powder metallurgy parts for automative applications”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 67, 298-306, 2001.
- [8] S. Sarıtaş, “Yayınlanmamış Rapor”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Ankara 1991.
- [9] A. Demir, “Toz metal bir çeliğin mekanik özellikleri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1992.
- [10] Ö. Özgün, “Toz metalurjisi ile üretilen alaşımlı çeliklerin mikroyapı ve mekanik özellikleri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya, 2007.
- [11] M. Zeren, Toz Metalurjisi, Teknik Seçmeli Ders I.
- [12] Avşar E., Durlu N., Ataş A., Bozacı C., Özdural H., “Demir esaslı toz metal parçaların sinterleme ile birleştirilmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 713-718, 2010.
- [13] Bhuiyan M.R.A., Mamur H., “Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) Nanostructure for thermoelectric applications” International Scientific and Vocational Journal, 3, 2019
- [14] Demirbaş M.D., Çakır D., Arslan S., Öztürk C., “Equivalent stress analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates by genetic programming”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 2, 67 – 80, 2018.
- [15] Demirbaş M.D., Sofuoğlu D., “Thermal stress control in functionally graded plates with artificial neural network”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 2, 39 – 55, 2018.
- [16] Çakır D., Demirbaş M.D., “modelling of one-directional functionally graded circular plates with artificial neural network”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 3, 42 – 50, 2019.
- [17] Çavdar U., Atik E., “Geleneksel ve hızlı sinterleme yöntemleri”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Soma Meslek Yüksekokulu, Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 15, 2011
- [18] Menezes R.R., Souto P.M., Kiminami R.H.G.A., “Microwave fast sintering of submicrometer alumina”, Material Research, 13, 345-350, 2010.
- [19] S. Lefeuvre, E. Fedorova, O. Gomonova, J. Tao, “Microwave sintering of micro-and nano-sized alumina powder”, 12th Seminar Computer Modeling in Microwave Engineering & Applications, Grenoble, France, 2010.
- [20] Cheng J., Agrawal D., Zhang Y., Roy R., “Microwave sintering of transparent alumina”, Materials Letters 56, 587-592, 2002.
- [21] Sujith A.V., Kumar N.A., Sharan N., “Microwave sintering of zirconia and alumina”, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 1, 320-323, 2009.
- [22] German R.M., “Sintering theory and practise”, The Pennsylvania State University Park, A Willey-Interscience Publication, Jon Willey & Sons, INC., 313-362, 1996.
- [23] U. Çavdar, E. Atik, “Sintering with induction” Euro PM 2008 Proceedings, Mannheim, Germany, 2008.
- [24] Kim W., Oh H., Shon I., “The effect of graphene reinforcement on the mechanical properties of Al2O3 ceramics rapidly sintered by high-frequency induction heating”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 48, 376-381, 2015.
- [25] Sarı Çavdar, P., Çavdar U., “The evaluation of different environments in ultra-high frequency induction sintered powder metal compacts”, Revista De Metalurgia, 51, 2015.
- [26] Karaca B., Çavdar U., “Saf ve bor karbür takviyeli alüminyum tozlarının ultra yüksek frekanslı indüksiyon jeneratörü ile sinterlenmesi”, Mühendis ve Makina, 657, 59-64, 2014.
- [27] Upadhya K., “Sintering kinetics of ceramics and composites in the plasma environment”, J.Metal, 39, 12, 11-13, 1987.
- [28] Total Materia: Dünyanın En Kapsamlı Veri Tabanı, “Iron Spark Plasma Sintering:Part Two”, SPS System Configuration, 2018.
- [29] Santanach J., Weibel A., Estournes C., Yang Q., Laurent Ch., Peigney A., “Spark plasma sintering of alumina: Study of parameters, formal sintering analysis and hypotneses on the mechanism(s) involved in densification and grain growth”, Acta Materialia, 59, 1400-1408, 2011.
- [30] Nieto A., Huang L., Han Y., Schoenung J. M., “Sintering Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered Alumina with Graphene Nanoplatelet Reinforcement”, Ceramic International, 41, 5926-5936, 2015.
- [31] Liu J., Yan H., Jiang K., “Mechanical properties of graphene platelet-reinforced alumina ceramic composites”, Ceramic International, 39, 6215-6221, 2013.
- [32] A.H. Demirci, Mühendislik Malzemeleri Önemli Endüstriyel Malzemeler ve Isıl İşlemleri, İstanbul, 123-124, 2004.
- [33] Garbiec D., Jurczyk M., Levintant-Zayonts N., Moscicki T., “Properties of Al-Al2O3 composites synthesized by spark plasma sintering method”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15, 933-939, 2015.
- [34] Rahimian M., Parvin N., Ehsani N., “The effect of production parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of powder metallurgy Al-Al2O3 composite”, Materials and Design, 32, 1031-1038, 2011.
- [35] Kim J., Jang G., Kim M., Lee J., “Microstructure and compressive deformation of hypreutectic Al-Si-Fe based P/M alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering”, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, 2346-2351, 2014.
- [36] Wu C., Fang P., Luo G., Chen F., Shen Q., Zhang L., Lavernia E., “Effect of plasma activated sintering parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7075/B4C composites”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 615, 276-282, 2014.
- [37] Rodriguez C., Belzunce F.J. Betegon C., Goyos C., Diaz L.A., Torrecillas R., “Nanostructured Al-ZrAl3 materials consolidated via spark plasma sintering: Evaluation of their mechanical properties”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 550, 402-405, 2013.
- [38] Madej B., “The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of Al-SiC composites”, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 58, 2013.
- [39] Sahani P., Karak S.K., Mishra B., Chakravarty D., Chaira D., “Effect of Al addition on SiC-B4C cermet prepared by pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering methods ”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 57, 31-41, 2016.
Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Sintering Process of Aluminium Alloys
Year 2019,
Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 85 - 91, 31.12.2019
Onur Akkurt
,
Ayberk Altıntaş
,
Pınar Çavdar
,
Uğur Çavdar
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) compared with other known and conventional manufacturing technologies, machining process should not or less necessary requirement, as standard parts with complex geometry in a wide composition range can be manufactured serially, parts having mechanical properties desired material can be produced easily, such as being minimal losses as for these reasons finds widely used in industry. In addition, this production method has many advantages such as low investment costs, the equipment used in flexibility, high productivity, easy to produce materials with different properties. A large majority of product produced by powder metallurgy is used in the automotive industry. Powder metallurgy production method is developing in time in our country as well as all over the world. Sintering is one of the most complex issues of powder metallurgy. Sintering is heating process which causes substantially increased strength and improvement mechanical properties of particles will bond together. Sintering enables the connection to particles of contacting each other at high temperature. This connection may consist of solid atomic movements below the melting temperature but in many cases, it is accompanied by generation liquid phase. Sintering occurs with diffusion of atoms at high temperature and reduction of small particles surface energy. The purpose of this work that we have done, in aluminium alloys that is widely used in daily life and therefore in industry, it is to show the effects of the sintering process.
References
- [1] U. Çavdar, “Demir esaslı toz metal parçaların indüksiyonla sinterlenmesinde parametrelerin belirlenmesi”, Doktora Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa, 2009.
- [2] A.A. Cerit, Toz metalurjisi, Türkiye, 2-3, 2016. http://kocaelimakine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/toz-metalurjisi-afsin-alper-cerit.pdf
- [3] R.M. German, “Powder Metallurgy of Iron and Steel”, Jhon Willey and Sons, USA, 1998.
- [4] Metals Handbook vol.1, “Properties and selection: iron, steels and high performance alloys”, 10th Edition, American Society of Metals, Materials Park OH, 1990.
- [5] Bocchini G.F., Lindskog P.F., “Applications and developments of sintered ferrous materials, powder metallurgy-an overview”, The Institute of Metals Series on Powder Metallurgy, 287, (ed: I. Jenkins and J.V. Wood), 1991.
- [6] G.S. Upadhyaya, “Sintered metallic and ceramic materials-sintered low-alloy ferrous materials”, John Wiley & Sons LTD, West Sussex, England, 2000.
- [7] Fujiki A., “Present state and future prospects of powder metallurgy parts for automative applications”, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 67, 298-306, 2001.
- [8] S. Sarıtaş, “Yayınlanmamış Rapor”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi, Ankara 1991.
- [9] A. Demir, “Toz metal bir çeliğin mekanik özellikleri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1992.
- [10] Ö. Özgün, “Toz metalurjisi ile üretilen alaşımlı çeliklerin mikroyapı ve mekanik özellikleri”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya, 2007.
- [11] M. Zeren, Toz Metalurjisi, Teknik Seçmeli Ders I.
- [12] Avşar E., Durlu N., Ataş A., Bozacı C., Özdural H., “Demir esaslı toz metal parçaların sinterleme ile birleştirilmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 713-718, 2010.
- [13] Bhuiyan M.R.A., Mamur H., “Bismuth Telluride (Bi2Te3) Nanostructure for thermoelectric applications” International Scientific and Vocational Journal, 3, 2019
- [14] Demirbaş M.D., Çakır D., Arslan S., Öztürk C., “Equivalent stress analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates by genetic programming”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 2, 67 – 80, 2018.
- [15] Demirbaş M.D., Sofuoğlu D., “Thermal stress control in functionally graded plates with artificial neural network”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 2, 39 – 55, 2018.
- [16] Çakır D., Demirbaş M.D., “modelling of one-directional functionally graded circular plates with artificial neural network”, International Scientific and Vocational Studies Journal, 3, 42 – 50, 2019.
- [17] Çavdar U., Atik E., “Geleneksel ve hızlı sinterleme yöntemleri”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Soma Meslek Yüksekokulu, Teknik Bilimler Dergisi, 15, 2011
- [18] Menezes R.R., Souto P.M., Kiminami R.H.G.A., “Microwave fast sintering of submicrometer alumina”, Material Research, 13, 345-350, 2010.
- [19] S. Lefeuvre, E. Fedorova, O. Gomonova, J. Tao, “Microwave sintering of micro-and nano-sized alumina powder”, 12th Seminar Computer Modeling in Microwave Engineering & Applications, Grenoble, France, 2010.
- [20] Cheng J., Agrawal D., Zhang Y., Roy R., “Microwave sintering of transparent alumina”, Materials Letters 56, 587-592, 2002.
- [21] Sujith A.V., Kumar N.A., Sharan N., “Microwave sintering of zirconia and alumina”, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, 1, 320-323, 2009.
- [22] German R.M., “Sintering theory and practise”, The Pennsylvania State University Park, A Willey-Interscience Publication, Jon Willey & Sons, INC., 313-362, 1996.
- [23] U. Çavdar, E. Atik, “Sintering with induction” Euro PM 2008 Proceedings, Mannheim, Germany, 2008.
- [24] Kim W., Oh H., Shon I., “The effect of graphene reinforcement on the mechanical properties of Al2O3 ceramics rapidly sintered by high-frequency induction heating”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 48, 376-381, 2015.
- [25] Sarı Çavdar, P., Çavdar U., “The evaluation of different environments in ultra-high frequency induction sintered powder metal compacts”, Revista De Metalurgia, 51, 2015.
- [26] Karaca B., Çavdar U., “Saf ve bor karbür takviyeli alüminyum tozlarının ultra yüksek frekanslı indüksiyon jeneratörü ile sinterlenmesi”, Mühendis ve Makina, 657, 59-64, 2014.
- [27] Upadhya K., “Sintering kinetics of ceramics and composites in the plasma environment”, J.Metal, 39, 12, 11-13, 1987.
- [28] Total Materia: Dünyanın En Kapsamlı Veri Tabanı, “Iron Spark Plasma Sintering:Part Two”, SPS System Configuration, 2018.
- [29] Santanach J., Weibel A., Estournes C., Yang Q., Laurent Ch., Peigney A., “Spark plasma sintering of alumina: Study of parameters, formal sintering analysis and hypotneses on the mechanism(s) involved in densification and grain growth”, Acta Materialia, 59, 1400-1408, 2011.
- [30] Nieto A., Huang L., Han Y., Schoenung J. M., “Sintering Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered Alumina with Graphene Nanoplatelet Reinforcement”, Ceramic International, 41, 5926-5936, 2015.
- [31] Liu J., Yan H., Jiang K., “Mechanical properties of graphene platelet-reinforced alumina ceramic composites”, Ceramic International, 39, 6215-6221, 2013.
- [32] A.H. Demirci, Mühendislik Malzemeleri Önemli Endüstriyel Malzemeler ve Isıl İşlemleri, İstanbul, 123-124, 2004.
- [33] Garbiec D., Jurczyk M., Levintant-Zayonts N., Moscicki T., “Properties of Al-Al2O3 composites synthesized by spark plasma sintering method”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15, 933-939, 2015.
- [34] Rahimian M., Parvin N., Ehsani N., “The effect of production parameters on microstructure and wear resistance of powder metallurgy Al-Al2O3 composite”, Materials and Design, 32, 1031-1038, 2011.
- [35] Kim J., Jang G., Kim M., Lee J., “Microstructure and compressive deformation of hypreutectic Al-Si-Fe based P/M alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering”, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, 2346-2351, 2014.
- [36] Wu C., Fang P., Luo G., Chen F., Shen Q., Zhang L., Lavernia E., “Effect of plasma activated sintering parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7075/B4C composites”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 615, 276-282, 2014.
- [37] Rodriguez C., Belzunce F.J. Betegon C., Goyos C., Diaz L.A., Torrecillas R., “Nanostructured Al-ZrAl3 materials consolidated via spark plasma sintering: Evaluation of their mechanical properties”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 550, 402-405, 2013.
- [38] Madej B., “The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of Al-SiC composites”, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 58, 2013.
- [39] Sahani P., Karak S.K., Mishra B., Chakravarty D., Chaira D., “Effect of Al addition on SiC-B4C cermet prepared by pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering methods ”, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 57, 31-41, 2016.