Review Article
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Management of Maternal Obesity

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 399 - 407, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58605/bingolsaglik.1464639

Abstract

Obesity, defined as having a body weight more than 20% above the ideal weight, emerges as a significant public health concern worldwide. Particularly prevalent among women of reproductive age, factors such as the influence of estrogen hormone, oral contraceptive use, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, social constraints, and physical inactivity contribute to the frequent occurrence of obesity. The presence of maternal obesity is associated with a range of adverse fetal and maternal outcomes and complications. Complications related to maternal obesity include early pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean delivery, spontaneous or medically induced early delivery, stillbirth, infections, congenital fetal malformations, macrosomic infants according to gestational age, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. Additionally, difficulties in breastfeeding during the postpartum period are also linked to maternal obesity. Maternal obesity and its associated health issues should be addressed as a global public health priority, and preventive measures should be implemented to mitigate obesity among women of reproductive age. This review aims to increase awareness among healthcare professionals regarding the management of escalating maternal obesity during the preconceptional, antepartum, and postpartum periods.

Project Number

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References

  • World Health Organization. (2023). WHO acceleration plan to stop obesity. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240075634 . Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2023
  • Friedrich MJ. Global Obesity Epidemic Worsening. JAMA. 2017;318:603. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10693
  • Pati S, Irfan W, Jameel A, Ahmed S, Shahid RK. Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers. 2023;15:485. doi: 10.3390/cancers15020485.7.
  • Yanıkkerem E, Yanıkkerem E. Obezitenin Kadın Sağlığına Etkileri. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;3:37–43. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.359281.8.
  • Türkiye İstatistik kurumu (TÜİK).(2023). Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2022. Erişim: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Saglik-Arastirmasi-2022-49747 tarihi:12.09.2023
  • Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B, Heap RA, Mishra A, Bennett JE, et al. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2
  • Kürklü N, Kamarlı H. Maternal obezitenin emzirmeye etkisi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19(Özel Sayı):53-56.
  • Lauth C, Huet J, Dolley P, Thibon P, Dreyfus M. Maternal obesity in prolonged pregnancy: Labor, mode of delivery, maternal and fetal outcomes. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction. 2021;50:101909. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101909.10.
  • Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalán C, Uauy R, Herring S, Gillman MW. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology [Internet]. 2016;4:1025–1036. doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30217-0.11.
  • Ma RCW, Schmidt MI, Tam WH, McIntyre HD, Catalano PM. Clinical management of pregnancy in the obese mother: before conception, during pregnancy, and postpartum. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2016;4:1037–1049. doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30278-9.12.
  • Özcan A, Töz E, Halksever Özvatan S, Vural T, Sancı M. Management of obese pregnancies. The Journal of Tepecik Education and Research Hospital. 2016; doi: 10.5222/terh.2016.001.13.
  • Gunatilake RP, Perlow JH. Obesity and pregnancy: clinical management of the obese gravida. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;204:106–119. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.002.14.
  • Baltacı, G. Obezite ve egzersiz. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Klasmat Matbaacılık, Ankara. 2008.
  • Chitayat D, Matsui D, Amitai Y, Kennedy D, Vohra S, Rieder M, Koren G. Folic acid supplementation for pregnant women and those planning pregnancy: 2015 update. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2015;56:170–175. doi: 10.1002/jcph.616.
  • Valentin M, Coste Mazeau P, Zerah M, Ceccaldi PF, Benachi A, Luton D. Acid folic and pregnancy: A mandatory supplementation. Annales d’Endocrinologie. 2018;79:91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.001.
  • Doğaner G, Gölbaşı Z. Prekonsepsiyonel danışmanlık. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. 2011;20(5):215-220.
  • Guler Baysoy N, Ozkan S. Preconception Care: A Public Health Perspective. Gazi Medical Journal. 2012;23:77–90. doi: 10.5152/gmj.2012.25.19.
  • Erez-Weiss I, Erez O, Shoham-Vardi I, Holcberg G, Mazor M. The Association Between Maternal Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Nondiabetic Pregnant Women. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2005;24:125–136. doi: 10.1081/prg-200059853.20.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Practice Bulletin; Number 222. 2020. Erişim: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/06/gestational-hypertension-and-preeclampsia
  • Folk DM. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Overview and Current Recommendations. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. 2018;63:289–300. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12725.22.
  • Lo JO, Mission JF, Caughey AB. Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology [Internet]. 2013;25:124–132. doi: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32835e0ef5.
  • Daşıkan Z, Kavlak O. Maternal obezite: gebelik komplikasyonları ve gebe kadının yönetimi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2009;1(1):39-46.
  • Boots C, Stephenson M. Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Miscarriage in Spontaneous Conception: A Systematic Review. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2011;29:507–513. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1293204.
  • Bulut B, Mihmanli V. Obesity and Pregnancy. The Medical Journal of Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital. 2014;30:24–28. doi: 10.5222/otd.supp1.2014.024.26.
  • Ağaoğlu Sa. Kadın Sağlığı ve Egzersiz. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;6. doi: 10.17155/spd.54125.
  • Apay SE, Pasinlioğlu T. Obezite ve gebelik. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2009; 8(4):345-350.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG). Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy. Practice Bulletin; Number 203. 2019. Erişim: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2019/01/chronic-hypertension-in-pregnancy
  • Öztürk FY, Altuntaş Y. Gestational diabetes mellitus. SiSli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni. 2015;1–10. doi: 10.5350/semb.20150317014238.29.
  • Mihmanlı V, Mihmanlı M. Diabetes mellitus ve gebelik. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015;31:17-22. doi:10.5222/otd.2015.017
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği – TEMD. Diyabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu. 2020. Erişim: http://temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_kilavuz/20200625154506-2020tbl_kilavuz86bf012d90.pdf
  • Büyükyılmaz F, Şendir M. Ameliyat sonrası bakımda göz ardı edilen bir sorun: derin ven trombozu (DVT) riskinin tanılanması ve hemşirelik bakımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;23:48-54.
  • Stein PD, Beemath A, Olson RE. Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism. The American Journal of Medicine. 2005;118:978–980. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.012.33.
  • Özsu S, Uzun O. Treatment and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks. 2015;63:132–139. doi: 10.5578/tt.6342.
  • Whitley, J., Dazelle, W., Kripalani, S., & Ahmadzia, H. (2023). The association between body mass index and postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. Scientific reports, 13(1), 11998.
  • D’Souza R, Horyn I, Jacob CE, Zaffar N, Horn D, Maxwell C (2021) Birth outcomes in women with body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or greater stratified by planned and actual mode of birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 100(2):200–209
  • Thies-Lagergren L, Kvist LJ, Gottvall K, Jangsten E. A Swedish register-based study exploring primary postpartum hemorrhage in 405 936 full term vaginal births between 2005 and 2015. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology/European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2021;258:184–188. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.12.018.
  • Kurnaz D, Karaçam Z. Effects of Maternal Obesity on Maternal-Infant Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;7:305–330. doi: 10.46237/amusbfd.1224641.
  • Chapman V, Charles C. (Eds.). The midwife's labour and birth handbook. John Wiley & Sons. 2018
  • Apay SE, Kılıç M. ve Pasinlioğlu T. Obez gebelerde doğum eylemi ve doğum sonu dönem. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2010;9(2):151-156
  • Fiengo L, Bucci F, Patrizi G, Giannotti D, Redler A. Postpartum deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in twin pregnancy: undertaking of clinical symptoms leading to massive complications. Thrombosis Journal. 2013;11:4. doi: 10.1186/1477-9560-11-4.37.
  • Topal S, Çınar N, Altınkaynak S. Emzirmenin anne sağlığına yararları. Journal of Human Rhythm,. 2017;3(1):25-31.
  • Jarlenski MP, Bennett WL, Bleich SN, Barry CL, Stuart EA. Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss among U.S. women. Preventive Medicine. 2014;69:146–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.018.40.
  • Kaçar N, Özerdoğan N. The relationship between breastfeeding and body weight change during postpartum process: The scope review. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;48:367–375. doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1136166.

Maternal Obezitenin Yönetimi

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 399 - 407, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.58605/bingolsaglik.1464639

Abstract

Vücut ağırlığının ideal ağırlığın %20'sinden daha fazla olması durumu olarak tanımlananan obezite, dünya genelinde ciddi bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle üreme çağındaki kadınlar arasında, östrojen hormonunun etkisi, oral kontraseptif kullanımı, gebelikte alınan kiloların önerilen değerlerin üzerinde olması, sosyal kısıtlılıklar ve fiziksel inaktivite gibi faktörler nedeniyle obezitenin sıkça görüldüğü bilinmektedir. Maternal obezitenin varlığı, bir dizi fetal ve maternal olumsuz sonuç ve komplikasyonla ilişkilidir. Maternal obeziteyle ilgili görülen sorunlar; erken gebelik kaybı, gestasyonel diyabet, preeklampsi, preterm doğum, sezaryen doğum, spontan veya tıbbi olarak erken doğum, ölü doğum, enfeksiyonlar, konjenital fetal malformasyonlar, gebelik haftasına göre makrozomik bebek, omuz distosisi ve postpartum kanama gibi riskli durumları içermektedir. Ayrıca, postpartum dönemde emzirme zorluğu gibi olumsuzluklar da maternal obezite ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Maternal obezite ve ilişkili sağlık sorunları, küresel bir halk sağlığı önceliği olarak ele alınmalı ve obezitenin üreme çağındaki kadınlarda önlenebilmesi için koruyucu tedbirlere başvurulmalıdır. Bu derleme, giderek artan maternal obezitenin prekonsepsiyonel, antepartum ve postpartum dönemlerdeki yönetimini inceleyerek sağlık profesyonellerinde bu konudaki farkındalık bilincini artırmayı hedeflemektedir.

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References

  • World Health Organization. (2023). WHO acceleration plan to stop obesity. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240075634 . Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2023
  • Friedrich MJ. Global Obesity Epidemic Worsening. JAMA. 2017;318:603. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10693
  • Pati S, Irfan W, Jameel A, Ahmed S, Shahid RK. Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers. 2023;15:485. doi: 10.3390/cancers15020485.7.
  • Yanıkkerem E, Yanıkkerem E. Obezitenin Kadın Sağlığına Etkileri. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;3:37–43. doi: 10.30934/kusbed.359281.8.
  • Türkiye İstatistik kurumu (TÜİK).(2023). Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2022. Erişim: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Saglik-Arastirmasi-2022-49747 tarihi:12.09.2023
  • Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B, Heap RA, Mishra A, Bennett JE, et al. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2
  • Kürklü N, Kamarlı H. Maternal obezitenin emzirmeye etkisi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19(Özel Sayı):53-56.
  • Lauth C, Huet J, Dolley P, Thibon P, Dreyfus M. Maternal obesity in prolonged pregnancy: Labor, mode of delivery, maternal and fetal outcomes. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction. 2021;50:101909. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101909.10.
  • Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corvalán C, Uauy R, Herring S, Gillman MW. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology [Internet]. 2016;4:1025–1036. doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30217-0.11.
  • Ma RCW, Schmidt MI, Tam WH, McIntyre HD, Catalano PM. Clinical management of pregnancy in the obese mother: before conception, during pregnancy, and postpartum. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2016;4:1037–1049. doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30278-9.12.
  • Özcan A, Töz E, Halksever Özvatan S, Vural T, Sancı M. Management of obese pregnancies. The Journal of Tepecik Education and Research Hospital. 2016; doi: 10.5222/terh.2016.001.13.
  • Gunatilake RP, Perlow JH. Obesity and pregnancy: clinical management of the obese gravida. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;204:106–119. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.10.002.14.
  • Baltacı, G. Obezite ve egzersiz. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Klasmat Matbaacılık, Ankara. 2008.
  • Chitayat D, Matsui D, Amitai Y, Kennedy D, Vohra S, Rieder M, Koren G. Folic acid supplementation for pregnant women and those planning pregnancy: 2015 update. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2015;56:170–175. doi: 10.1002/jcph.616.
  • Valentin M, Coste Mazeau P, Zerah M, Ceccaldi PF, Benachi A, Luton D. Acid folic and pregnancy: A mandatory supplementation. Annales d’Endocrinologie. 2018;79:91–94. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.001.
  • Doğaner G, Gölbaşı Z. Prekonsepsiyonel danışmanlık. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. 2011;20(5):215-220.
  • Guler Baysoy N, Ozkan S. Preconception Care: A Public Health Perspective. Gazi Medical Journal. 2012;23:77–90. doi: 10.5152/gmj.2012.25.19.
  • Erez-Weiss I, Erez O, Shoham-Vardi I, Holcberg G, Mazor M. The Association Between Maternal Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Nondiabetic Pregnant Women. Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2005;24:125–136. doi: 10.1081/prg-200059853.20.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Practice Bulletin; Number 222. 2020. Erişim: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2020/06/gestational-hypertension-and-preeclampsia
  • Folk DM. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Overview and Current Recommendations. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. 2018;63:289–300. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.12725.22.
  • Lo JO, Mission JF, Caughey AB. Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology [Internet]. 2013;25:124–132. doi: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32835e0ef5.
  • Daşıkan Z, Kavlak O. Maternal obezite: gebelik komplikasyonları ve gebe kadının yönetimi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2009;1(1):39-46.
  • Boots C, Stephenson M. Does Obesity Increase the Risk of Miscarriage in Spontaneous Conception: A Systematic Review. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2011;29:507–513. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1293204.
  • Bulut B, Mihmanli V. Obesity and Pregnancy. The Medical Journal of Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital. 2014;30:24–28. doi: 10.5222/otd.supp1.2014.024.26.
  • Ağaoğlu Sa. Kadın Sağlığı ve Egzersiz. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2015;6. doi: 10.17155/spd.54125.
  • Apay SE, Pasinlioğlu T. Obezite ve gebelik. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2009; 8(4):345-350.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG). Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy. Practice Bulletin; Number 203. 2019. Erişim: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2019/01/chronic-hypertension-in-pregnancy
  • Öztürk FY, Altuntaş Y. Gestational diabetes mellitus. SiSli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni. 2015;1–10. doi: 10.5350/semb.20150317014238.29.
  • Mihmanlı V, Mihmanlı M. Diabetes mellitus ve gebelik. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2015;31:17-22. doi:10.5222/otd.2015.017
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği – TEMD. Diyabetes mellitus ve komplikasyonlarının tanı, tedavi ve izlem kılavuzu. 2020. Erişim: http://temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_kilavuz/20200625154506-2020tbl_kilavuz86bf012d90.pdf
  • Büyükyılmaz F, Şendir M. Ameliyat sonrası bakımda göz ardı edilen bir sorun: derin ven trombozu (DVT) riskinin tanılanması ve hemşirelik bakımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2014;23:48-54.
  • Stein PD, Beemath A, Olson RE. Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism. The American Journal of Medicine. 2005;118:978–980. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.012.33.
  • Özsu S, Uzun O. Treatment and diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Tuberkuloz ve Toraks. 2015;63:132–139. doi: 10.5578/tt.6342.
  • Whitley, J., Dazelle, W., Kripalani, S., & Ahmadzia, H. (2023). The association between body mass index and postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery. Scientific reports, 13(1), 11998.
  • D’Souza R, Horyn I, Jacob CE, Zaffar N, Horn D, Maxwell C (2021) Birth outcomes in women with body mass index of 40 kg/m2 or greater stratified by planned and actual mode of birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 100(2):200–209
  • Thies-Lagergren L, Kvist LJ, Gottvall K, Jangsten E. A Swedish register-based study exploring primary postpartum hemorrhage in 405 936 full term vaginal births between 2005 and 2015. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology/European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2021;258:184–188. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.12.018.
  • Kurnaz D, Karaçam Z. Effects of Maternal Obesity on Maternal-Infant Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;7:305–330. doi: 10.46237/amusbfd.1224641.
  • Chapman V, Charles C. (Eds.). The midwife's labour and birth handbook. John Wiley & Sons. 2018
  • Apay SE, Kılıç M. ve Pasinlioğlu T. Obez gebelerde doğum eylemi ve doğum sonu dönem. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2010;9(2):151-156
  • Fiengo L, Bucci F, Patrizi G, Giannotti D, Redler A. Postpartum deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in twin pregnancy: undertaking of clinical symptoms leading to massive complications. Thrombosis Journal. 2013;11:4. doi: 10.1186/1477-9560-11-4.37.
  • Topal S, Çınar N, Altınkaynak S. Emzirmenin anne sağlığına yararları. Journal of Human Rhythm,. 2017;3(1):25-31.
  • Jarlenski MP, Bennett WL, Bleich SN, Barry CL, Stuart EA. Effects of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss among U.S. women. Preventive Medicine. 2014;69:146–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.09.018.40.
  • Kaçar N, Özerdoğan N. The relationship between breastfeeding and body weight change during postpartum process: The scope review. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;48:367–375. doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1136166.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Midwifery (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Merve Sezer Yıldız 0000-0001-7061-3302

Nebahat Özerdoğan 0000-0003-1322-046X

Project Number yok
Early Pub Date August 26, 2024
Publication Date August 27, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date July 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Sezer Yıldız M, Özerdoğan N. Maternal Obezitenin Yönetimi. BÜSAD. 2024;5(2):399-407.