Batı Anadolu’da yayılış gösteren Campanula tomentosa Lam'ın çiçek biyolojisi, tozlaşması ve üreme başarısı

Abstract

Endemik bir tür olan Campanula tomentosa, Türkiye'nin sadece Batı Anadolu Bölgesi'nde toplam 5 popülasyonla sınırlı bir dağılıma sahiptir. Bitkinin üreme ve korunma biyolojisi (tozlaşma biyolojisi ve üreme başarısı) üzerine araştırmalar ilk kez tarafımızdan gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda polen ve stigma canlılığı (çiçek biyolojisi), tozlaşma biyolojisi, çiçek ziyareti, tozlayıcıların tanımlanması ve üreme başarısı araştırılmıştır. %1 TTC'nin (1,2,3-trifenil tetrazolyum klorür) kullanıldığı polen canlılık testi sonuçları, yükleme aşamasında polen tanelerinin %100'ünün canlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Peroksidaz Test Kağıtlarında ve DAB stigma canlılık testlerinde stigmalar tamamen kıvrılmış ve polen sunum aşamasında canlı kalmıştır. Bitkide esas tozlaşma Xylocopa valga (Gerstacker, 1872) ve Evylaeus setulellus (Strand, 1909) tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. C. tomentosa'da meyve tutumu ve tohum tutumu oranları sırasıyla %93,42 ve %73,12'dir. Ayrıca, yayılış gösterdiği toplam alanın 28,7 km2 ve neslinin tükenme kategorisi sınıfında olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Campanula tomentosa
• üreme başarısı
• polen canlılığı

Floral biology, pollination and reproductive success of Campanula tomentosa Lam. in west Anatolia

Abstract

Campanula tomentosa, an endemic species, has a limited distribution with a total of 5 populations only in the Western Anatolia Region of Turkey. Research on the reproduction and conservation biology (pollination biology and reproductive success) of the plant was carried out for the first time by us. Within this context, pollen and stigma viability (floral biology), pollination biology, flower visitation, pollinator identification and reproductive success were investigated. The results of the pollen viability test in which 1% TTC (1,2,3-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) was used indicated that 100% of the pollen grains were viable at the loading stage. In Peroxidase Test Papers and DAB stigma viability tests, the stigmas were completely curled and they were viable during the pollen presentation phase. The main pollination in the plant was realized by Xylocopa valga (Gerstacker, 1872) and Evylaeus setulellus (Strand, 1909). In C. tomentosa, fruit set and seed setting rates were 93.42% and 73.12%, respectively. On the other hand, it was revealed that the total area where it was distributed was 28.7 km2 and that it was classified as endangered.

Keywords

• Campanula tomentosa
• reproductive success
• pollen viability

References

1. [1] Nabhan, G. P. & Buchmann, S. L. (1997). Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily GC (Eds.), Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems (pp.133-150). Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
2. [2] Kelber, A., Warrant, E. J. & Pfaff, M. (2006). Light intensity limits foraging activity in nocturnal and crepuscular bees. Behavioral Ecology, 17, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arj001
3. [3] Cronquist, A. (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants (2nd ed.). Bronx, NY: The New York Botanical Garden Press.
4. [4] Caser, M., Scariot V. & Arens, P. (2010). Consequences of Geographical Habitats on Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Campanula spp.. International Journal of Plant Biology, https://doi:10.4081/pb.2010.e5.
5. [5] Alsos, I. G., Engelskjøn, T. & Brochmann C. (2002). Conservation genetics and population history of Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum and Campanula rotundifolia in the arctic Archipelago of Svalbard. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 34, 408-418. https://doi: 10.1080/15230430.2002.12003511
6. [6] Denisow, B., Wrzesień, M., Bożek, M., Jeżak, A. & Strzałkowska-Abramek, M. (2014). Flowering, pollen characteristics and insect foraging on Campanula bononiensis (Campanulaceae), a protected species in Poland. Acta Agrobotanica, 67(2): 13-22. https://doi: 10.5586/aa.2014.021
7. [7] Damboldt, J. (1976). Materials for a flora of Türkiye 32: Campanulaceae. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh 35: 39-52.
8. [8] Yıldırım, H. & Şenol, S. G. (2014). Campanula alisan-kilincii (Campanulaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Türkiye, Turkish Journal of Botany, 38, 22-30. https://doi: 10.3906/bot-1302-17

9. [9] Alçıtepe, E. (2010). Studies on seed morphology of Campanula L. Section Quinqueloculares (Boiss.) Phitos (Campanulaceae) in Türkiye, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42(2), 1075-1082.
10. [10] Subaşı, Ü. & Güvensen, A. (2014). Seed germination studies on chasmophyte endemic Campanula tomentosa and Campanula vardariana. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 7(2), 129-135.
11. [11] Subaşı, Ü., Şenol, S.G., Eroğlu, V., Güvensen, A. & Seçmen, Ö. (2012). Seed germination and conservation of rare endemic Campanula teucrioides Boiss. (Campanulaceae). “The Second International Symposium on the Biology of Rare and Endemic Plant Species (Biorare-2012)”, April 24-27, Fethiye, Muğla, Türkiye.
12. [12] Gücel, S. & Seçmen, Ö. (2008). Reproductive biology of subalpin endemic Minuartia nifensis Mc Neill (Caryophyllaceae) from West Anatolia, Türkiye. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 1(1), 66-74.
13. [13] IUCN (2001). Species survival commission, IUCNRed List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1., Gland, Switzerlandand Cambridge, UK, 30p.
14. [14] Galetto, L. & Bernardello, G. (2005). Rewards in flowers: nectar. In: Dafni A., Kevan P.G., Husband B.C. (Eds), Practical pollination biology (pp. 261-313). Ontario, Canada. Enviroquest.
15. [15] Dafni, A. (1992). Pollination Ecology: A practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 250p. [16] Shetler, S. G. (1979). Pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). I. Historical review, Taxon, 28, 1-3), 205-215.
16. [17] Obeso, J. R. (2002). The costs of reproduction in plants. New Phytologist, 155, 321–348. https://doi: org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00477.x
17. [18] Hurd, P. D. (1955). The carpenter bees of California (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Bulletin of the California insect survey. University of California Press.
18. [19] Inoue, K. & Amano, M. (1986). Evolution of Campanula punctata Lam. in the Izu Islands: Changes of pollinators and evolution of breeding systems. Plant Species Biology, 1(1), 89-97.
19. [20] Inoue, K. (1990). Dichogamy, sex allocation, and mating system of Campanula microdonta and C. punctata. Plant Species Biology, 5, 197–203.
20. [21] Yeo, P. F. (1993). Secondary pollen presentation. Form, function and evolution. Plant Systematic and Evolution, Wien New York, Springer.
21. [22] Leins, P. (2000). Blüte und frucht. morphologie, entwicklungsgeschichte, phylogenie, funktion, Okologie. E. Schweizerbart’ sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
22. [23] Bishop, J. A. & Armbruster, W. S. (1999). Thermoregulatory abilities of Alaskan bees: Effects of size, phylogeny and ecology. Functional Ecology, 13, 711-724
23. [24] Gerling, D., Velthuis, H. H. W. & Hefetz, A. (1989). Bionomics of the large carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa. Annual Review of Entomology, 34, 163–190.
24. [25] Alçıtepe E. & Yıldız K. (2010). Taxonomy of Campanula tomentosa Lam. and C. vardariana Bocquet from Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Botany, 34, 191–200.