Anatomical Characterization of Achillea alimeana and Linum punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum from Southwestern Türkiye

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the root, stem, leaf anatomy, and stomatal features of Achillea alimeana Semiz & Uysal and Linum punctatum Presl subsp. pycnophyllum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gustavsson, two taxa with limited anatomical information from southwestern Türkiye. The study also aimed to evaluate the recorded anatomical characters as supplementary data for future taxonomic assessments. Method: Plant materials were collected from natural populations in Çameli district, Denizli Province, Türkiye. Root, stem, and leaf samples were fixed in 70% ethanol, dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned using a rotary microtome. Transverse sections were stained with the Safranin–Fast Green double-staining method and examined under a light microscope equipped with a digital camera system. Stomatal features were examined from superficial leaf sections. Quantitative anatomical measurements were based on 20 measurements for each evaluated character. Findings: A. alimeana was characterized by a circular root, octagonal stem, well-developed lamellar collenchyma at the stem corners, equifacial leaf structure, collateral vascular bundles, eglandular trichomes, and amphistomatic leaves with anomocytic and mesomorphic stomata. L. punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum showed a fragmented root periderm, circular stem, hypodermal layer, fibre cells, hollow pith region, equifacial mesophyll, collateral vascular bundles, and amphistomatic leaves with paracytic and mesomorphic stomata. Conclusion: The anatomical characters recorded in this study contribute to the structural characterization of both taxa. These findings provide additional anatomical data for A. alimeana and L. punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum and support the use of vegetative and stomatal anatomy as complementary evidence in taxonomic studies.

Keywords

• Asteraceae
• Linaceae
• stomal features
• vegetative anatomy

Güneybatı Türkiye’den Achillea alimeana ve Linum punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum’un Anatomik Karakterizasyonu

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin güneybatısından sınırlı anatomik bilgiye sahip iki takson olan Achillea alimeana Semiz & Uysal ve Linum punctatum Presl subsp. pycnophyllum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gustavsson’un kök, gövde, yaprak anatomisi ve stoma özelliklerini incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma ayrıca kaydedilen anatomik karakterleri gelecekteki taksonomik değerlendirmeler için tamamlayıcı veri olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Metod: Bitki materyalleri Türkiye’nin Denizli ili, Çameli ilçesindeki doğal popülasyonlardan toplanmıştır. Kök, gövde ve yaprak örnekleri %70 etanolde fikse edilmiş, dereceli etanol serisinden geçirilerek dehidre edilmiş, parafine gömülmüş ve rotatif mikrotom kullanılarak kesitlenmiştir. Enine kesitler Safranin–Fast Green çift boyama yöntemi ile boyanmış ve dijital kamera sistemi ile donatılmış ışık mikroskobu altında incelenmiştir. Stoma özellikleri yüzeysel yaprak kesitlerinden incelenmiştir. Kantitatif anatomik ölçümler, değerlendirilen her karakter için 20 ölçüme dayandırılmıştır. Bulgular: A. alimeana dairesel kök, sekizgen gövde, gövde köşelerinde iyi gelişmiş lamellar kollenkima, ekvifasiyal yaprak yapısı, kollateral iletim demetleri, örtü tüyleri ve anomositik ve mezomorf stomalara sahip amfistomatik yapraklar ile karakterize edilmiştir. L. punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum parçalanmış kök peridermi, dairesel gövde, hipodermal tabaka, lif hücreleri, boşluklu öz bölgesi, ekvifasiyal mezofil, kollateral iletim demetleri ve parasitik ve mezomorf stomalara sahip amfistomatik yapraklar göstermiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada kaydedilen anatomik karakterler her iki taksonun yapısal karakterizasyonuna katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu bulgular A. alimeana ve L. punctatum subsp. pycnophyllum için ek anatomik veriler sağlamakta ve vejetatif ve stoma anatomisinin taksonomik çalışmalarda tamamlayıcı kanıt olarak kullanımını desteklemektedir.

Keywords

• Asteraceae
• Linaceae
• stoma özellikleri
• vejetatif anatomi

References

1. [1] Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the dicotyledons, Vols. 1 & 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2. [2] Radford, R. (1974). Vascular plant systematics. New York, USA: Harper & Row.
3. [3] Talebi, S. M., Rashnou-Taei, M., Sheidai, M., & Noormohammadi, Z. (2015). Use of anatomical characteristics for taxonomical study of some Iranian Linum taxa. Environmental and Experimental Biology, 13, 123-131.
4. [4] van Welzen, P., & Baas, P. (1984). A leaf anatomical contribution to the classification of the Linaceae complex. Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants, 29(2), 453-479.
5. [5] Dickison, W. C. (2000). Integrative plant anatomy. California, USA: Elsevier.
6. [6] Akcin, T. A., & Akcin, A. (2014). Achene micromorphology of seven taxa of Achillea L. (Asteraceae) from Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy, 21(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v21i1.19253
7. [7] Koyuncu, O. (2020). Morphology, anatomy, palynology and conservation status of Achillea ketenoglui H. Duman. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 49(3), 633-641. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i3.50003
8. [8] Aytas Akcin, T., & Akcin, A. (2010). Morphological and anatomical characteristics and taxonomical significance of achene micromorphology of Achillea phrygia and A. gypsicola (Asteraceae), endemic to Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany, 28(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00464.x

9. [9] Funk, V. A., & Robinson, H. E. (2005). Daisies and sunflowers: family Asteraceae. In G. A. Krupnick, & W. J. Kress (Eds). Plant Conservation. A Natural History Approach (pp. 115-124). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
10. [10] Oberprieler, C., Himmelreich, S., & Vogt, R. (2007). A new subtribal classification of the tribe Anthemideae (Compositae). Willdenowia, 37(1), 89-114. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.37.37104
11. [11] Oberprieler, C., Vogt, R., & Watson, L. E. (2007). Anthemideae Cass. In J. W. Kadereit, & C. Jeffrey (Eds). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. 8, Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales (pp. 342-374). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
12. [12] Semiz, G., Uysal, T., Bozkurt, M., & Günal, B. (2022). A new Achillea (Asteraceae) species from southwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 46(4), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-008X.2718
13. [13] Arabacı, T. (2012). Achillea L. In A. Güner, S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural, & M. T. Babaç (Eds). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler) (pp. 108–112). İstanbul, Türkiye: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını.
14. [14] Aytac, Z., Duman, H., & Ekici, M. (2016). Two new Achillea L.(Asteraceae) species from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 40(4), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1504-19
15. [15] Tekin, M., & Akdere, Ş. (2021). Anatomical investigations of the Turkish critically endangered species: Achillea sivasica Çelik et Akpulat (Asteraceae). Acta Botanica Croatica, 80(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.37427/botcro-2021-006
16. [16] Davis, P. H. (1967). Materials for a Flora of Turkey XVI: Geraniaceae, Linaceae. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 28(1), 35-38.
17. [17] Robertson, K. R. (1971). The Linaceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 52(4), 649-665.
18. [18] Rogers, C. M. (1981). A revision of the genus Linum in southern Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany, 1(6), 711-722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01157.x
19. [19] Ulcay, S. (2023). Histo-anatomical characteristics of some endemic species of Linum (Linaceae). Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(2), 925-931. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1214429
20. [20] Oskay, D. (2025). A New Distribution Area of the Endangered Endemic Linum vuralianum (Linaceae) in Türkiye. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 21(2), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1567122
21. [21] Semiz, G., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2020). Türkiye’de nadir yayılışı olan Linum punctatum Presl subsp. pycnophyllum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Gustavsson (Benliketen) için yeni bir yayılış alanı. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 7(2), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.35163/bagbahce.621414
22. [22] Özcan, T., & Zorlu, E. (2009). A contribution to taxonomy of Turkish Linum based on seed surface patterns. Biologia, 64(4), 723-730. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0123-6
23. [23] Sharifnia, F., & Albouyeh, R. M. (2002). Anatomical studies in relation to taxonomy of Persian Linum species. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(11), 1240-1245. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2002.1240.1245
24. [24] Karaçoban, G., Semiz, G., & Martin, E. (2022). Rindera cetineri Yıldırım (Boraginaceae) üzerinde anatomik, mikromorfolojik ve karyolojik araştırmalar. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 15(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2022.1087782
25. [25] Grytsyk, A. R., Neiko, O. V., & Melnyk, M. V. (2016). Morphological-anatomical study of Achillea L. species in western region of Ukraine. The Pharma Innovation, 5(1, Part B), 71.