The potential benefits of medicinal and aromatic plants in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy

Year 2017, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 51 - 61, 15.08.2017

Faruk Karahan Ahmet İlçım

Abstract

Cancer is a complex and important disease that leading cause of death worldwide. Genetic asset, environmental pollution, dietary habit and infections are the major causes concurring to cancer. Radiotherapy RT is the most common method in cancer therapy. However, radiotherapy induces some side effect in human body. The most common side effects of radiotherapy are weight loss, fatigue, diarrhoea, pain, sleep disorders, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, skin reactions and oral complications. Recent clinical and pharmacologic research show that good dietary and plant secondary metabolites/multivitamin remove to side effect in cancer patients during or after radiotherapy. Our study identified 66 medicinal and aromatic plants, spanning a total of 20 medicinal purpose categories. Most commonly used plants as follows: Allium sativum L. garlic , Juglans regia L. walnut and Solanum lycopersicum L. tomatoes for medicinal purposes. This paper is an overview of important of nutrition activity and herbal products for help to remove side effects of radiotherapy RT in cancer patients

Keywords

cancer , radiotherapy , side effect , ethnobotany

Radioterapi gören kanser hastalarinda tibbi ve aromatik bitkilerin potansiyel faydaları

Abstract

Kanser, dünya çapında en fazla ölüme neden olan kompleks bir hastalıktır. Genetik yatkınlık, çevre kirliliği, beslenme alışkanlığı ve enfeksiyonlar kansere neden olan başlıca etkenlerdir. Kanser tedavisinde kullanılan en yaygın yöntem radyoterapidir RT . Bununla birlikte, radyoterapi insan vücudunda bazı yan etkilere yol açar. Radyoterapinin en yaygın yan etkileri kaşeksi, kilo kaybı, yorgunluk, ishal, ağrı, uyku bozuklukları, iştah kaybı, mide bulantısı, kusma, cilt reaksiyonları ve oral komplikasyonlardır. Yeni klinik ve farmakolojik araştırmalarla iyi bir diyet ve bitki sekonder metabolitleri desteğiyle kanser hastalarında radyoterapi sırasında veya sonrasında meydana gelen yan etkilerin giderildiği görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda radioterapinin 20 yan etkisine karşı kullanım potansiyeli olan 66 tıbbi ve aromatik bitki belirlenmiştir. Allium sativum L. sarımsak , Juglans regia L. ceviz ve Solanum lycopersicum L. domates tıbbi ve aromatik açıdan radyoterapi kaynaklı yan etkilere karşı kullanılan en yaygın bitkilerdir. Bu derleme, kanser hastalarında radyoterapinin RT yan etkilerinin ortadan kaldırılmasına yardımcı olan beslenme faaliyetlerinin ve bitkisel ürünlerin önemini belirtmektedir

Keywords

kanser , radioterapi , yan etki , etnobotanik

References

• Ahlberg, K., Ekman, T., Gaston-Johansson, F. (2005). The experience of fatigue, other symptoms and global quality of life during radiotherapy for uterine cancer. International journal of nursing studies, 42(4), 377-386.
• Akbulut, S., Bayramoglu, M. M. (2013). The trade and use of some medical and aromatic herbs in Turkey. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 7(2), 67-77.
• Alasalvar, C., Shahidi, F. (2013). Composition, phytochemicals, and beneficial health effects of dried fruits: An overview. Dried fruits: Phytochemicals and Health Effects, 1-19.
• Altay, V., Karahan, F., Sarcan, Y. B., İlçim, A. (2015). An ethnobotanical research on wild plants sold in Kırıkhan district (Hatay/Turkey) herbalists and local markets. Biodicon, 8(2), 81-91.
• Arteaga, C. L., Adamson, P. C., Engelman, J. A., Foti, M., Gaynor, R. B., Hilsenbeck, S. G., Rebbeck, T. R. (2014). AACR cancer progress report 2014. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(19 Supplement), S1-S112.
• Aruoma, O. I. (1998). Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75(2), 199-212.
• Atta, A. H., Mouneir, S. M. (2004). Antidiarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 92(2), 303- 309.
• Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R. V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P., Vayalil, P. K. (2011). A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research International, 44(7), 1812-1822.
• Ballistreri, G., Continella, A., Gentile, A., Amenta, M., Fabroni, S., Rapisarda, P. (2013). Fruit quality and bioactive compounds relevant to human health of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars grown in Italy. Food Chemistry, 140(4), 630-638.
• Bansal, M., Mohanti, B. K., Shah, N., Chaudhry, R., Bahadur, S., Shukla, N. K. (2004). Radiation related morbidities and their impact on quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving radical radiotherapy. Quality of life Research, 13(2), 481-488.
• Beltrán, A. E., Alvarez, Y., Xavier, F. E., Hernanz, R., Rodriguez, J., Nşñez, A. J., Salaices, M. (2004). Vascular effects of the Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). European Journal of Pharmacology, 499(3), 297-305.
• Beňová, B., Adam, M., Pavlíková, P., Fischer, J. (2010). Supercritical fluid extraction of piceid, resveratrol and emodin from Japanese knotweed. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 51(3), 325-330.
• Bergquist, S. Å., Gertsson, U. E., Knuthsen, P., Olsson, M. E. (2005). Flavonoids in baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.): changes during plant growth and storage. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(24), 9459-9464.
• Bhatia, A. L, Jain, M. (2004). Spinacia oleracea L. protects against gamma radiations: a study on glutathione and lipid peroxidation in mouse liver. Phytomedicine, 11(7), 607-615.
• Breithaupt, D. E., Bamedi, A. (2001). Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits: a screening with emphasis on β-cryptoxanthin esters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(4), 2064-2070.
• Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla‐Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): A short review. Phytotherapy Research, 21(6), 501-506.
• Chainani-Wu, N. (2003). Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). The Journal of Alternative Complementary Medicine, 9(1), 161-168.
• Chen, A. Y., Chou, R., Shih, S. J., Lau, D., Gandara, D. (2004). Enhancement of radiotherapy with DNA topoisomerase I-targeted drugs. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 50(2), 111-119.
• Chu, Y. F., Sun, J. I. E., Wu, X., Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(23), 6910-6916.
• Corzo-Martínez, M., Corzo, N., Villamiel, M. (2007). Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends in Food Science Technology, 18(12), 609- 625.
• Çakılcıoğlu, U., Şengün, M. T., Türkoğlu, İ. (2010). An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of Yazıkonak and Yurtbaşı districts of Elazığ province, Turkey. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(7), 567-572.
• Çavuşoğlu, K., Arica, Ş. Ç., Kurtman, C. (2008). Radyoterapi gören akciğer kanseri hastaların plazma iz element düzeylerindeki değişimin belirlenmesi. FÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(4), 211-222.
• Çıkrıkçı, S., Mozioglu, E., Yılmaz, H. (2008). Biological activity of curcuminoids isolated from Curcuma longa. Records of Natural Products, 2(1), 19-24.
• Delaney, G., Jacob, S., Featherstone, C., Barton, M. (2005). The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment. Cancer, 104(6), 1129-1137.
• Donaldson, S. S. (1977). Nutritional consequences of radiotherapy. Cancer Research, 37(7), 2407-2413.
• Dulger, B, Gonuz, A. (2004). Antimicrobial activity of some Turkish medicinal plants. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 7(9), 1559-1562.
• Economos, C., Clay, W. D. (1999). Nutritional and health benefits of citrus fruits. Energy (kcal), 62(78), 37.
• El Sedef, N., Karakaya, S. (2009). Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutrition Reviews, 67(11), 632- 638.
• Elkerm, Y., Tawashi, R. (2014). Date Palm Pollen as a Preventative Intervention in Radiation-and Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis A Pilot Study. Integrative Cancer Therapies, DOİ:1534735414547110.
• Epstein, J. B., Emerton, S., Kolbinson, D. A., Le, N. D., Phillips, N., Stevenson-Moore, P., Osoba, D. (1999). Quality of life and oral function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Head and Neck-Journal for the Sciences and Specialties of the Head and Neck, 21(1), 1-11.
• Ertekin, M. V., Koçer, İ., Karslıoğlu, İ., Taysi, S., Gepdiremen, A., Sezen, O., Bakan, N. (2004). Effects of oral Ginkgo biloba supplementation on cataract formation and oxidative stress occurring in lenses of rats exposed to total cranium radiotherapy. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, 48(5), 499-502.
• Eshaghi, M., Zare, S., Banihabib, N., Nejati, V., Farokhi, F., Mikaili, P. (2012). Cardioprotective effect of Cornus mas fruit extract against carbon tetrachloride induced-cardiotoxicity in albino rats. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(11), 11106-11114.
• Faria, A., Oliveira, J., Neves, P., Gameiro, P., Santos-Buelga, C., de Freitas, V., Mateus, N. (2005). Antioxidant properties of prepared blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(17), 6896-6902.
• Garrido, G., González, D., Delporte, C., Backhouse, N., Quintero, G., Nşnez-Sellés, A. J., Morales, M. A. (2001). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytotherapy Research, 15(1), 18-21.
• Greeson, J. M., Sanford, B., Monti, D. A. (2001). St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): A review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature. Psychopharmacology, 153(4), 402-414.
• Gupta, M., Singla, V., Jawa, S. K., Ahuja, R., Gupta, M. (2014). An Overview of Phytotherapy in Oral Diseases, 4(3), 44-47.
• Gülçin, İ., Beydemir, Ş., Şat, G., Küfrevioğlu, Ö. İ. (2005). Evaluation of antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.). Acta Alimentaria, 34(2), 193-202.
• Güleser, G. N., Taşci, S., Kaplan, B. (2012). The experience of symptoms and information needs of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Journal of Cancer Education, 27(1), 46-53.
• Hafezi, F., Rad, H. E., Naghibzadeh, B., Nouhi, A., Naghibzadeh, G. (2010). Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit), a new drug for enzymatic debridement of acute burn wounds. Burns, 36(3), 352-355.
• Hagen, S. F., Borge, G. I. A., Bengtsson, G. B., Bilger, W., Berge, A., Haffner, K., Solhaug, K. A. (2007). Phenolic contents and other health and sensory related properties of apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh., cv. Aroma): Effect of postharvest UV-B irradiation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 45(1), 1-10.
• Hajheydari, Z., Jamshidi, M., Akbari, J., Mohammadpour, R. (2007). Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, 73(1), 29-32.
• Halberstein, R. A., Saunders, A. B. (1978). Traditional medical practices and medicinal plant usage on a Bahamian island. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 2(2), 177-203.
• Head, K. A. (2008). Natural approaches to prevention and treatment of infections of the lower urinary tract. Alternative Medicine Review, 13(3), 227- 245.
• Huang, D. J., Chun-Der, L. I. N., Hsien-Jung, C. H. E. N., Yaw-Huei, L. I. N. (2004). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] LamTainong 57') constituents. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 45.
• Huang, Y. L., Tsai, W. J., Shen, C. C., Chen, C. C. (2005). Resveratrol Derivatives from the Roots of Vitis t hunbergii. Journal of Natural Products, 68(2), 217-220.
• Huseini, H. F., Alavian, S. M., Heshmat, R., Heydari, M. R., Abolmaali, K. (2005). The efficacy of Liv-52 on liver cirrhotic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled first approach. Phytomedicine, 12(9), 619-624.
• Irvine, D. M., Vincent, L., Graydon, J. E., Bubela, N. (1998). Fatigue in women with breast cancer receiving radiation therapy. Cancer Nursing, 21(2), 127-135.
• Jacques, P. F., Taylor, A., Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Mahnken, B., Lee, Y., Lahav, M. (1997). Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 66(4), 911-916.
• Kähkönen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Heinonen, M. (2001). Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(8), 4076-4082.
• Kapoor, R., Patil, U. K. (2011). Importance and production of Omega-3 fatty acids from natural sources. International Food Research Journal, 18, 493-499.
• Karliova, M., Treichel, U., Malagò, M., Frilling, A., Gerken, G., Broelsch, C. E. (2000). Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation. Journal of Hepatology, 33(5), 853-855.
• Kavalcioğlu, N., Açik, L., Demirci, F., Demirci, B., Demir, H., Başer, K. H. (2010). Biological activities of Bellis perennis volatiles and extracts. Natural Product Communications, 5(1), 147-150.
• Kheirollah, A., Aberumand, M., Ramezani, Z., Amraee, F. (2015). Inhibition of Aldose Reductase and Red Blood Cell Sorbitol Accumulation by Extract of Capparis spinosa. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 10(4).
• Krishna, K. L., Paridhavi, M., Patel, J. A. (2008). Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.). Natural Product Radiance, 7(4), 364-373.
• Kumar, K. S., Bhowmik, D. (2012). Traditional and medicinal uses of banana. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(3).
• Li, W., Asada, Y., Koike, K., Nikaido, T., Furuya, T., Yoshikawa, T. (2005). Bellisosides A–F, six novel acylated triterpenoid saponins from Bellis perennis (Compositae). Tetrahedron, 61(11), 2921-2929.
• Liu, J., Wang, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., Lu, S., Liu, J. (2011). The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activities of extract and fractions from corn silk (Zea mays L.) and related flavone glycosides. Food Chemistry, 126(1), 261-269.
• Lovera, J., Bagert, B., Smoot, K., Morris, C. D., Frank, R., Bogardus, K., Bourdette, D. (2007). Ginkgo biloba for the improvement of cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis.
• Malhotra, S., Singh, A. P. (2003). Medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Natural Product Radiance, 2(6), 296-301.
• Malu, S. P., Obochi, G. O., Tawo, E. N., Nyong, B. E. (2009). Antibacterial activity and medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 15(3), 365-368.
• Mansouri, A., Embarek, G., Kokkalou, E., Kefalas, P. (2005). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food Chemistry, 89(3), 411-420.
• Martín, A. R., Villegas, I., Sánchez‐Hidalgo, M., La Lastra, D., Alarcón, C. (2006). The effects of resveratrol, a phytoalexin derived from red wines, on chronic inflammation induced in an experimentally induced colitis model. British Journal of Pharmacology, 147(8), 873-885.
• Martinez, G., Delgado, R., Pérez, G., Garrido, G., Nşñez-Sellés, A. J., León, O. S. (2000). Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytotheraphy Research, 14, 424-7.
• Mimeault, M., Batra, S. K., (2008). Targeting of cancer stem/progenitor cells plus stem cell-based therapies: the ultimate hope for treating and curing aggressive and recurrent cancers. Panminerva Medica, 50(1), 3.
• Mondal, K., Malhotra, S. P., Jain, V., Singh, R. (2009). Oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits during ripening. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 15(4), 327-334.
• Mongkolsilp, S., Pongbupakit, I., Sae-Lee, N., Sitthithaworn, W. (2004). Radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of medicinal plants used in primary health care. SWU Journal of Pharm Sci, 9(1), 32-35.
• Mourou, G., Umstadter, D., (2002). Extreme light. Scientific American, 286(5), 62-68.
• Okwu, D. E., Emenike, I. N. (2006). Evaluation of the phytonutrients and vitamins content of Citrus fruits. Int. J. Mol. Med. Adv. Sci, 2(1), 1-6.
• Olowa, L. F., Torres, M. A. J., Aranico, E. C., Demayo, C. G. (2012). Medicinal plants used by the Higaonon tribe of Rogongon, Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines. Advances in Environmental Biology, 1442-1450.
• Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Gönenç, T. M. (2017). Herbals from the High Mountains in the East Mediterranean. Chapter 24, 327-367.
• Park, Y. S., Jung, S. T., Gorinstein, S. (2006). Ethylene treatment of ‘Hayward’kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa) during ripening and its influence on ethylene biosynthesis and antioxidant activity. Scientia Horticulturae, 108(1), 22-28.
• Parkar, S. G., Redgate, E. L., Wibisono, R., Luo, X., Koh, E. T., Schröder, R. (2010). Gut health benefits of kiwifruit pectins: Comparison with commercial functional polysaccharides. Journal of functional foods, 2(3), 210-218.
• Patel, A., Biswas, S., Shoja, M. H., Ramalingayya, G. V., Nandakumar, K. (2014). Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Solanum nigrum Linn. Leaves in Rat Models of Oral Mucositis. The Scientific World Journal, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/345939.
• Patel, S. (2012). Yucca: a medicinally significant genus with manifold therapeutic attributes. Natural products and bioprospecting, 2(6), 231-234.
• Pawlus, A. D., Waffo-Teguo, P., Shaver, J., Merillon, J. M. (2012). Stilbenoid chemistry from wine and the genus Vitis, a review. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 46(2), 57-111.
• Phondani, P. C., Maikhuri, R. K., Kala, C. P. (2010). Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants among traditional herbal healers in Alaknanda catchment of Uttarakhand, India. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 7 (3): 195 - 206
• Pieters, L., Nahrstedt, A., Hamburger, M., Barz, W., Bauer, R., Jaroszewski, J. W., Stuppner, H. (2007). Planta Medica An International Journal of Natural Products and Medicinal Plant Research. Planta Med, 73, 1241-1246.
• Preedy, V. R. (2008). Tomatoes and tomato products: nutritional, medicinal and therapeutic properties: CRC Press.
• Rahmatullah, M., Ferdausi, D., Mollik, A., Jahan, R., Chowdhury, M. H., Haque, W. M. (2010). A survey of medicinal plants used by Kavirajes of Chalna area, Khulna district, Bangladesh. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 7(2), 91-97.
• Raju, T. N., Kanth, V. R., Lavanya, K. (2008). Effect of methanolic extract of Allium sativum (AS) in delaying cataract in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Molecular Biology, Diseases, and Informatics, 1(1), 46-54.
• Rigo, L. A., Da Silva, C. R., De Oliveira, S. M., Cabreira, T. N., De Bona da Silva, C., Ferreira, J., Beck, R. C. (2015). Nanoencapsulation of rice bran oil increases its protective effects against UVB radiation-induced skin injury in mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 93, 11-17.
• Sant’Ana, H. M. P., Stringheta, P. C., Brandão, S. C. C., De Azeredo, R. M. C. (1998). Carotenoid retention and vitamin A value in carrot (Daucus carota L.) prepared by food service. Food Chemistry, 61(1), 145-151.
• Senkus-Konefka, E., Jassem, J. (2007). Cardiovascular effects of breast cancer radiotherapy. Cancer treatment reviews, 33(6), 578-593.
• Shah, P. P., Mello, P. M. D. (2004). A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological effects of Mentha piperita. Nat Prod Rad, 3, 214-221.
• Shamim, S., Ahmed, S. W., Azhar, I. (2004). Antifungal activity of Allium, Aloe, and Solanum species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 42(7), 491-498.
• Sharma, S., Agarwal, N. (2011). A Review on Herbs With Antidepressant Properties. International Journal, 2(1), 2229, 7456.
• Shetty, T. K., Satav, J. G., Nair, C. K. K. (2002). Protection of DNA and microsomal membranes in vitro by Glycyrrhiza glabra L. against gamma irradiation. Phytotherapy Research, 16(6), 576-578.
• Siegel, P., De Gaspi, F. O., Salerno, V., Lima, C. S. P., Stephan, C., De Barros, N. F. (2016). Medicinal herbs for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in a Brazilian hospital–An exploratory study. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 8(4), 478-483.
• Sohn, H. Y., Son, K. H., Kwon, C. S., Kwon, G. S., Kang, S. S. (2004). Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai. Phytomedicine, 11(7), 666-672.
• Somova, L. I., Shode, F. O., Ramnanan, P., Nadar, A. (2003). Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 84(2), 299-305.
• Stewart, B., Wild, C. P. (2015). World cancer report 2014. World.
• Sultana, B., Anwar, F. (2008). Flavonols (kaempeferol, quercetin, myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Food Chemistry, 108(3), 879-884.
• Taussig, S. J., Batkin, S. (1988). Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 22(2), 191-203.
• Torre, L. A., Bray, F., Siegel, R. L., Ferlay, J., Lortet‐Tieulent, J., Jemal, A. (2015). Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians, 65(2), 87-108.
• Touré, A., Xueming, X. (2010). Flaxseed lignans: source, biosynthesis, metabolism, antioxidant activity, bio‐active components, and health benefits. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 9(3), 261-269.
• Troszyńska, A., Estrella, I., López-Amóres, M. L., Hernández, T. (2002). Antioxidant activity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed coat acetone extract. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 35(2), 158-164.
• Trotti, A., Byhardt, R., Stetz, J., Gwede, C., Corn, B., Fu, K., Shipley, W. (2000). Common toxicity criteria: version 2.0. an improved reference for grading the acute effects of cancer treatment: impact on radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 47(1), 13-47.
• Ugulu, I., Baslar, S., Yorek, N., Dogan, Y. (2009). The investigation and quantitative ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(5), 345-367.
• Uzun, E., Sariyar, G., Adsersen, A., Karakoc, B., Ötük, G., Oktayoglu, E., Pirildar, S. (2004). Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2), 287-296.
• Visser, M. R. M., Smets, E. M. A. (1998). Fatigue, depression and quality of life in cancer patients: how are they related? Supportive Care in Cancer, 6(2), 101-108.
• Wall, M. M. (2006). Ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and mineral composition of banana (Musa sp.) and papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars grown in Hawaii. Journal of Food Composition and analysis, 19(5), 434-445.
• Withers, H. R., Peters, L. J., Taylor, J. M., Owen, J. B., Morrison, W. H., Schultheiss, T. E., Gupta, N., Wang, C. C. (1995). Local control of carcinoma of the tonsil by radiation therapy: an analysis of patterns of fractionation in nine institutions. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 33(3), 549-562.
• Wu, H. C., Chang, D. K., Huang, C. T. (2006). Targeted therapy for cancer. J Cancer Mol, 2(2), 57-66.
• Yadav, M., Jain, S., Tomar, R., Prasad, G. B. K. S., Yadav, H. (2010). Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review. Nutrition research reviews, 23(02), 184-190.
• Yokota, T., Nishio, H., Kubota, Y., Mizoguchi, M. (1998). The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Research, 11(6), 355-361.
• Yousaf, Z., Masood, S., Shinwari, Z. K., Khan, M. A., Rabani, A. (2006). Evaluation of taxonomic status of medicinal species of the genus Solanum and Capsicum based on poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 38(1), 99-106.
• Zafra‐Stone, S., Yasmin, T., Bagchi, M., Chatterjee, A., Vinson, J. A., Bagchi, D. (2007). Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Molecular Nutrition Food Research, 51(6), 675-683.
• Zeb, A. (2004). Important therapeutic uses of sea buckthorn (Hippophae): A review. Journal of Biological Science, 4(5), 687-693.
• Zekri, N., Amalich, S., Boughdad, A., El Belghiti, M. A., Zair, T. (2013). Phytochemical study and insecticidal activity of Mentha pulegium L. oils from Morocco against Sitophilus Oryzae. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry, 2(4), 607-619.
• Zhang, Z., Liao, L., Moore, J., Wu, T., Wang, Z. (2009). Antioxidant phenolic compounds from walnut kernels (Juglans regia L.). Food Chemistry, 113(1), 160-165.
• Zubair, M., Rasool, N., Mansha, A., Anjum, F., Iqbal, M., Mushtaq, M., Shahid, M. (2013). Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activities and phytochemical analysis of dagger (Yucca aloifolia) leaves extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7(6), 243-249.
• Zulueta, A., Caretti, A., Signorelli, P., Ghidoni, R. (2015). Resveratrol: A potential challenger against gastric cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 21(37): 10636–10643.