Growth and yield for scots pine and oriental beech mixed stands in different mixture ratios

Year 2016, Supplement 1, 25 - 35, 15.08.2016

Aydın Kahriman İlker Ercanlı Hakkı Yavuz

Abstract

Mixed forest ecosystems are important to human life. In general, there are many positive aspects of mixed stands compared to pure stands biologically and ecologically. In forestry, the importance of mixed stands has increased in recent decades due to the potential benefits which can be gained, such as increased production, greater diversity, improved nutrient cycling or reduced risk of biotic and abiotic damage. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. and Oriental beech Fagus orientalis Lipsky are two of the most important tree species in Turkey. Mixed Oriental beech and Scots pine stands with different forest structures and biodiversity are widespread in Black Sea Region, Turkey. The management of mixed stands of these species is of increasing importance to foresters in Turkey, and a crucial factor is knowledge of the growth and yield relationship for the sound management of these stands. This study aimed to determination of the growth and yield relationship for Scots pine and Oriental beech mixed stands in different mixture ratios in Black Sea Region. The data were obtained from 162 temporary sample plots with ranging stand ages, site index, density and mixture percentages. The diameter at breast height of all trees, height and age of a sufficient number of trees for each sample plots were measured and the average age, site index, density and mixture percentage were estimated by these data. The sample plots have 31-150 years for Scots pine and 33-117 years for Oriental beech of stand age range, 16.2-34.9 m Scots pine and 14.7-32.3 m for Oriental beech of site index range, 0.10-0.76 of Scots pine mixture ratio range, 2.9-10.0 of stand density range. With the generated equation systems, stand age, site index, density and mixture ratio of the four such as age, site index, density and mixture percentage main factors in Oriental beech - Scots pine mixed stands, including the effects on the stands were determined numerically. Volume of main stand and mean annual volume growth show irregular depending on the mixture ratio for the same average age, site index, density and mixture percentage. The number of Oriental beech trees are increasing, while number of Scots pine trees and total number of trees are decreasing depending on the mixture ratio for the same average age, site index, density and mixture percentage. Average height for both species is increasing when mixture ratio is increased to 0.4 to 0.8 for the same average age, site index, density and mixture percentage. The results were in arrangement with the acknowledged growth rules

Keywords

mixed stands , yield , mixture percentage , oriental beech , scots pine , black sea region in Turkey

References

• Alemdağ, Ş., 1967. Türkiye’deki Sarıçam Ormanlarının Kuruluşu, Verim Gücü ve Bu Ormanların İşletilmesinde Takip Edilecek Esaslar, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten No: 20, Ankara.
• Anşin, R. ve Özkan, Z,C., 2006. Tohumlu Bitkiler (Spermatophyta) Odunsu Taksonlar, 3. Baskı, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No:167, Fakülte Yayın No:19, Trabzon.
• Atay, İ., 1990. Silvikültür II. Silvikültürün Tekniği, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İ.Ü.Yayın No:3599, Fakülte Yayın No:405, İstanbul.
• Batu, F., 1971. Ertrakstafeln und Leistung Potantial der Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) in der Turkei, Doktora Tezi, Freiburg Universitat, Freiburg, 110 p.
• Bravo-Oviedo, A., Pretzsch, H., Ammer, C., Andenmatten, E., Barbati, A., Barreiro, S., ... Zlatanov, T. (2014). European mixed forests: definition and research perspectives. Forest Systems, 23(3), 518-533.
• Bonnemann A. 1939. Der gleichaltrige Mischbestand von Kiefer und Buche. Mitt Forstwirtsch u Forstwiss 10: (4), 45 pp.
• Burkhart, H. E., and Tham, A. 1992. Predictions from growth and yield models of the performance of mixed - species stands. In: The Ecology of Mixed Species Stands of Trees. M.G.R. Camel et al. (eds). Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melburne, Paris, Berlin, Vienna. pp. 21-34.
• Cannell M.G.R., Malcon D.C., and Robertson P.A. (Eds.), 1992. The ecology of mixed-species stands of trees, Blackwell scientific publications, Oxford, 312 p.
• Carus, S., 1998. Aynı Yaşlı Doğu Kayını (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Ormanlarında Artım ve Büyüme, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Curtis, R.O. 1982. A simple index of stand density for Douglas-fir. For. Sci. 28: 92 – 94.
• Çalışkan, A., 1989, Karabük Büyükdüz Araştırma Ormanında Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.)-Göknar (Abies bornmüleriana Matff.) –Kayın (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) Karışık Meşcerelerinde Büyüme İlişkileri ve Gerekli Silvikültürel İlişkiler, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Davis PH 1982. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
• Duchiron MS 2000. Strukturierte Mischwälder. Eine Herausforderung für den Waldbau unsere Zeit. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin.
• Ertekin, M., Kırdar, E., Ayan, S. 2015. The effects of exposure, elevation and tree age on seed characteristics of Fagus orientalis Lipsky. South-east Eur for 6 (1): 15-23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15177/seefor.15-03
• Erteld, W., Hengst, E., 1966. Waldertragslehre. Radebeul. Neumann Verlag, 332 pp.
• Fırat, F., 1972. Orman Hasılat Bilgisi, İ. Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 166, 191 s.
• Forrester DI, Bauhus J, Cowie AL, Vanclay JK 2006. Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen-fixing trees: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 233: 211-230. - doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.012.
• General Directorate of Forestry 2008. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management Report for 2008. Ankara, Turkey: Turkey General Directorate of Forest Publications.
• General Directorate of Forestry 2015. Forest Resources of Turkey. Ankara, Turkey: Turkey General Directorate of Forest Publications.
• Groot A, Adhikary S, Sharma M, Luckai N, Bell FW, Larocque GR, 2014. Effect of species composition on the production rate and efficiency of young Picea glauca-Populus tremuloides forests. Forest Ecology and Management 315: 1-11.
• Jensen, F. S., 2000. The effects of information on Danish forest visitors’ acceptance of various management actions. Forestry: 73, 165-172.
• Kahriman A 2011. Modeling of forest growth for Scots pine and Oriental beech mixed stands in Black Sea Region. PhD, Karadeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trabzon.
• Légaré S, Paré D, Bergeron Y, 2004. The responses of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 405-416.
• Linden, M. ve Agestam, E. 2003, Increment and yield in mixed and monoculture stands of pinus sylvestris and picea abies on an experiment in southern sweden, Scand. J. For. Res. 18: 155-162.
• Man R. and Lieffers V.J. 1999. Are mixtures of aspen and white spruce more productive than single species stands?. The Forestry Chronicle 75: 505–513.
• Perot T, Picard N. 2012. Mixture enhances productivity in a two-species forest: evidence from a modeling approach. Ecological Research 27: 83-94.
• Pretzsch H. 2002. The elasticity of growth in pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Journal of Forest Science, 49, 11:491–501.
• Pretzsch H. 2009. Forest dynamics, growth and yield. A review, analysis of the present state, and perspective. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
• Pretzsch H. 2013. Facilitation and competition in mixed-species forests analysed along an ecological gradient. Nova Acta Leopoldina NF 114, 391: 159-174.
• Río M., and Sterba H. 2009. Comparing volume growth in pure and mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica. Ann. For. Sci. 66, 502.
• Steinbeck, K., K. Kuers. 1996. Development of pine-hardwood mixtures following clearcutting on two upland sites in the Georgia Piedmont: 10 year results. South. J. Appl. For. 20:203-208.
• Weck J. 1955. Forstliche Zuwachs- und Ertragskunde. Neumann Verlag, Radebeul, Berlin.
• Wiedemann E. 1949. Ertragstafeln der wichtigen Holzarten bei verschiedener Durchforstung. Verlag M & H Schaper, Hannover.