BibTex RIS Cite

Endemik Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews Asteraceae Erzincan sütotu türünün üzerinde karyolojik çalışma

Year 2013, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 128 - 134, 15.12.2013

Fahim Altınordu Ali Kandemir Esra Martin

Abstract

Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews Asteraceae Türkiye için endemiktir ve doğal olarak Erzincan’da yayılış gösterir. Bu çalışmada, Erzincan’dan toplanan Sonchus erzincanicus türünün somatik kromozom sayısı belirlendi ve karyotip analizi yapıldı. Türün kromozom sayısı 2n=18 olarak tespit edildi. Bu türün Görüntü Analiz Sistemi aracılığı ile Karyotip Analizi yapıldı. Haploit kromozom uzunluğu 20.11 μm’dir ve en küçük kromozom 1.63 μm en büyük kromozom ise 2.97 μm uzunluğundadır. Türün karyotip formülü altı median ve üç submedian kromozom tiplerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu türün karyotip analizi ilk defa çalışmamızda analiz edildi

Keywords

Karyotip Sonchus erzincanicus Asteraceae Türkiye

References

  • Akartürk, R. 2001. Şifalı Bitkiler Flora ve Sağlığımız, 3. Baskı. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Mensupları Yardımlaşma Vakfı Ankara.
  • Al-Bermani, A.K., Al-Shammary, K.I.A., Gornall R.J., Bailey, J.P. 1993. Contribution to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora. 3. Watsonia. 19. 169-171.
  • Bremer, K. 1994.Compositae, Cladistics and Classii cation. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Carr, G.D., King, R.M., Powell, A.M., Robinson, H. 1999. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. XVIII. Amer. J. Bot. 86/7. 1003-1013.
  • Çetin, Ö., Martin, E., Duran, A., Özdemir, A. 2010. Karyological study on endemic Astragalus stereocalyx Bornm. (Milk-vetch) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 3/3. 153-157.
  • Dalgaard, V. 1985. Chromosome studies in flowering plants from Madeira. Willdenowia. 15. 137-156.
  • Davis, P.H. 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 5. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Davis, P.H., Tan, K., Mill, R.R. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 10. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dempsey, R.E., Gornall R.J., Bailey, J.P. 1994. Contributions to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora. 4. Watsonia. 20. 63-66.
  • Derscheid, LA., Schultz, R.E. 1960. Achene development of Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Weeds. 8. 55-62.
  • Díaz Lifante, Z., Luque, T., Bárbara, C.S. 1992. Chromosome numbers of plants collected during Iter Mediterraneum II in Israel. Bocconea. 3. 229-250.
  • Dmitrieva, S.A. 2000. Karyology of the flora of Byelarus. Page 42 in Thesis of the Diss. Doc. Biol. Sci. Minsk.
  • Duran, A., Martin, E., Öztürk, M., Çetin,Ö., Dinç, M., Özdemir, A. 2010. Morphological, karyological and ecological features of halophytic endemic Sphaerophysa kotschyana (Leguminosae) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 3/2. 163-169.
  • Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı Türkiye Tabiatı Koruma Derneği ve Van 100. Yıl Üniversitesi. Ankara.
  • Gemeinholzer. 2005. New chromosome counts for some Lactuceae (Compositae). Compositae Newslett. 42. 43-46.
  • Gill, L.S., Omoigui, D.I. 1992. Chromosome numbers in some Nigerian Compositae. Compositae Newslett. 20/21: 12- 15.
  • Heywood, V.H. 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, London.
  • Hong, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z. 1990. Observations on chromosomes of some plants from western Sichuan. Cathaya 2. 191- 197.
  • Huziwara, Y. 1962. Karyotype analysis in some genera of Compositae. VIII. Further studies on the chromosome of Aster. American Journal of Botany. 49. 116-119.
  • Jalas, J., Pellinen, K. 1985. Chromosome counts on Erigeron, Hieracium, Pilosella and Sonchus (Compositae), mainly from Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22. 45-47.
  • Kamel, 2004. Cytotaxonomical investigations of the Egyptian Compositae (Asteraceae): Cardueae and Cichorieae. Compositae Newslett. 41. 9-28.
  • Kiehn, M., Vitek, E., Hellmayr, E., Walter, J., Tschenett, J., Justin, C., Mann, M. 1991.
  • Beiträge zur Flora von Österreich: Chromosomenzählungen. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 128. 19-39.
  • Kilian, N. 1988. Die Lactuceae (Compositae) der Kapverdischen Inseln (W-Afrika). Willdenowia. 18. 113-216.
  • Lavania, U.C., Srivastava, S. 1992. A simple parameter of dispersion index that serves as an adjunct to karyotype asymmetry. Biosci. J. 17/2.179-182.
  • Lavrenko, A.N., Serditov, N.P. 1991. Chromosome numbers in some plant species from the south-west of the Komi ASSR. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 76. 769-771.
  • Levan, A., Fredge, K., Sanberge, A.A. 1964. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas. 52. 201-220.
  • Lövkvist, B., Hultgård, U.M. 1999. Chromosome numbers in south Swedish vascular plants. Opera Bot. 137. 1-42.
  • Mahmoud, Z., El-Masry, S., Amer, M., Ziesche, J., Grenz, M. 1984. Phytochemistry. 23. 1105.
  • Manez, S., Recio, M.C., Giner, R.M., Sanz, M.J., Terencio, M.C., Peris, J.B., Stubing, G., Rios, J.L. 1994. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22. 297.
  • Martin, E., Akçiçek, E., Çetin, Ö., Duran, A. 2011a. Cytogenetical analysis of endemic Matthiola montana (Goldlack) from Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4/1. 187-191.
  • Martin, E., Çetin, Ö., Akgül, G., Ay, H. 2011b. New chromosome numbers in the genus Marrubium (Horehound) from Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4/2. 185-188.
  • Mejías, J.A. 1988. Diferencias cariológicas y morfológicas entre Sonchus pustulatus Willk. Sonchus tenerrimus L. Lagascalia 15 (Extra). 345-354.
  • Mejías, J.A., Andrés, C. 2004. Karyological studies in Iberian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae): S. oleraceus, S. microcephalus and S. asper and a general discussion. Folia Geobotanica 39. 275-291.
  • Morton, J.K. 1981. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Canada and the U.S.A. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82. 357-368.
  • Morton, J.K. 1993. Chromosome numbers and polyploidy in the flora of Cameroon Mountain. Opera Bot. 121. 159- 172.
  • Mulligan, G.A. 1984. Chromosome numbers of some plants native and naturalized in Canada. Naturaliste Canad. 111. 447-449.
  • Nazarova, E.A. 1989. Karyological and palynological study of representatives of the genus Sonchus from the Caucasus. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 74. 53-59.
  • Nazarova, E.A. 2004. Chromosome Numbers of Flowering Plants of Armenian Flora. Yerevan, 1-171.
  • Oberprieler, C., Vogt, R. 1993. Chromosome numbers of north African phanerogams. II. Willdenowia. 23. 211-238.
  • Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. 2006. Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey III. Turkish Journal of Botany. 30. 281-316.
  • Probatova, N.S., Rudyka, E.G., Sokolovskaya, S.A. 1998. Chromosome numbers in vascular plants from the Islands of Peter the Great Bay and Muravyov-Amurskiy Peninsula (Primorsky territory). Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 83/5. 125-130.
  • Probatova, 2006. Further chromosome studies on vascular plant species from Sakhalin, Moneron and Kurile Islands. Biodivers. Biogeogr. Kuril Islands Sakhalin. 2. 93-110.
  • Razaq, Z.A., Vahidy, A.A., Ali, S.I. 1994. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Pakistan. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81. 800-808.
  • Renard, R., Lambinon, J., Reekmans, M., Veken, P.V., Govaert, M. 1983. Nombres chromosomiques de quelques Angiospermes du Rwanda. du Burundi et du Kenya. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53. 342-371.
  • Romero Z. C., 1986. A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon 35. 526-530.
  • Ruíz de Clavijo, E. 1990. Números cromosomáticos de plantas occidentales. 608–618. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid. 47. 425-430.
  • Sell, P.D. (1975). Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Compositae subfam. Cichorioideae. In: Heywood, V.H. (ed.), Flora Europaea. Notulae systematicae ad Floram Europaean spectantes. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71. 236-267.
  • Shimizu, S., Miyase, T., Ueno, A., Usmanghani, K. 1989. Phytochemistry. 28. 3399.
  • Silvestre, S. 1984. Números 353-362, In Números cromosómicos para la flora expañola. 300-364. Lagascalia. 12. 298- 303.
  • Singh, S.P. 1993. Karyomorphological studies of Sonchus arvensis. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80/4A. 150-151.
  • Stebbins, G.L. 1953. A new classification of the tribe Cichorieae. family Compositae. Madron. 12. 65-81.
  • Stevens, P.F. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. version 8. 2007. 2001 onwards. Available at http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/ research/APweb/.
  • Suda, J., Kyncl, T., Jarolímová, V. 2005. Genome size variation in Macaronesian angiosperms: forty percent of the Canarian endemic flora completed. Pl. Syst. Evol. 252. 215-238.
  • Volkova, S.A., Basargin, D.D. 2002. Chromosome numbers of species of Chabarovsk territory flora. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 87/4. 165-167.
  • http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?projectid=9

Karyological study on endemic Sonchus erzincanicus Matthew Asteraceae in Turkey

Year 2013, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 128 - 134, 15.12.2013

Fahim Altınordu Ali Kandemir Esra Martin

Abstract

Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews Asteraceae species is endemic to Turkey and distributing naturally in Erzincan. In this research, Sonchus erzincanicus was collected from Erzincan, its somatic chromosome number and karyotype was determined. The somatic chromosome number was determined as 2n=18 in S. erzincanicus. The karyotype analysis of this species was examined using Image Analysis System Bs200Pro . The total haploid chromosome lengths 20.11 μm and the shortest chromosome length is 1.63 μm, the longest is 2.97 μm. The karyotype formulae of this species consist of six median chromosome pairs and three submedian chromosome pairs. The karyotype analysis of this species was first carried out in our study

Keywords

Karyotype Sonchus erzincanicus Asteraceae Turkey

References

  • Akartürk, R. 2001. Şifalı Bitkiler Flora ve Sağlığımız, 3. Baskı. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Mensupları Yardımlaşma Vakfı Ankara.
  • Al-Bermani, A.K., Al-Shammary, K.I.A., Gornall R.J., Bailey, J.P. 1993. Contribution to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora. 3. Watsonia. 19. 169-171.
  • Bremer, K. 1994.Compositae, Cladistics and Classii cation. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Carr, G.D., King, R.M., Powell, A.M., Robinson, H. 1999. Chromosome numbers in Compositae. XVIII. Amer. J. Bot. 86/7. 1003-1013.
  • Çetin, Ö., Martin, E., Duran, A., Özdemir, A. 2010. Karyological study on endemic Astragalus stereocalyx Bornm. (Milk-vetch) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 3/3. 153-157.
  • Dalgaard, V. 1985. Chromosome studies in flowering plants from Madeira. Willdenowia. 15. 137-156.
  • Davis, P.H. 1975. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 5. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Davis, P.H., Tan, K., Mill, R.R. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 10. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Dempsey, R.E., Gornall R.J., Bailey, J.P. 1994. Contributions to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora. 4. Watsonia. 20. 63-66.
  • Derscheid, LA., Schultz, R.E. 1960. Achene development of Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Weeds. 8. 55-62.
  • Díaz Lifante, Z., Luque, T., Bárbara, C.S. 1992. Chromosome numbers of plants collected during Iter Mediterraneum II in Israel. Bocconea. 3. 229-250.
  • Dmitrieva, S.A. 2000. Karyology of the flora of Byelarus. Page 42 in Thesis of the Diss. Doc. Biol. Sci. Minsk.
  • Duran, A., Martin, E., Öztürk, M., Çetin,Ö., Dinç, M., Özdemir, A. 2010. Morphological, karyological and ecological features of halophytic endemic Sphaerophysa kotschyana (Leguminosae) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 3/2. 163-169.
  • Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N. 2000. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı Türkiye Tabiatı Koruma Derneği ve Van 100. Yıl Üniversitesi. Ankara.
  • Gemeinholzer. 2005. New chromosome counts for some Lactuceae (Compositae). Compositae Newslett. 42. 43-46.
  • Gill, L.S., Omoigui, D.I. 1992. Chromosome numbers in some Nigerian Compositae. Compositae Newslett. 20/21: 12- 15.
  • Heywood, V.H. 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford, London.
  • Hong, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z. 1990. Observations on chromosomes of some plants from western Sichuan. Cathaya 2. 191- 197.
  • Huziwara, Y. 1962. Karyotype analysis in some genera of Compositae. VIII. Further studies on the chromosome of Aster. American Journal of Botany. 49. 116-119.
  • Jalas, J., Pellinen, K. 1985. Chromosome counts on Erigeron, Hieracium, Pilosella and Sonchus (Compositae), mainly from Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 22. 45-47.
  • Kamel, 2004. Cytotaxonomical investigations of the Egyptian Compositae (Asteraceae): Cardueae and Cichorieae. Compositae Newslett. 41. 9-28.
  • Kiehn, M., Vitek, E., Hellmayr, E., Walter, J., Tschenett, J., Justin, C., Mann, M. 1991.
  • Beiträge zur Flora von Österreich: Chromosomenzählungen. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 128. 19-39.
  • Kilian, N. 1988. Die Lactuceae (Compositae) der Kapverdischen Inseln (W-Afrika). Willdenowia. 18. 113-216.
  • Lavania, U.C., Srivastava, S. 1992. A simple parameter of dispersion index that serves as an adjunct to karyotype asymmetry. Biosci. J. 17/2.179-182.
  • Lavrenko, A.N., Serditov, N.P. 1991. Chromosome numbers in some plant species from the south-west of the Komi ASSR. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 76. 769-771.
  • Levan, A., Fredge, K., Sanberge, A.A. 1964. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas. 52. 201-220.
  • Lövkvist, B., Hultgård, U.M. 1999. Chromosome numbers in south Swedish vascular plants. Opera Bot. 137. 1-42.
  • Mahmoud, Z., El-Masry, S., Amer, M., Ziesche, J., Grenz, M. 1984. Phytochemistry. 23. 1105.
  • Manez, S., Recio, M.C., Giner, R.M., Sanz, M.J., Terencio, M.C., Peris, J.B., Stubing, G., Rios, J.L. 1994. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22. 297.
  • Martin, E., Akçiçek, E., Çetin, Ö., Duran, A. 2011a. Cytogenetical analysis of endemic Matthiola montana (Goldlack) from Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4/1. 187-191.
  • Martin, E., Çetin, Ö., Akgül, G., Ay, H. 2011b. New chromosome numbers in the genus Marrubium (Horehound) from Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4/2. 185-188.
  • Mejías, J.A. 1988. Diferencias cariológicas y morfológicas entre Sonchus pustulatus Willk. Sonchus tenerrimus L. Lagascalia 15 (Extra). 345-354.
  • Mejías, J.A., Andrés, C. 2004. Karyological studies in Iberian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Lactuceae): S. oleraceus, S. microcephalus and S. asper and a general discussion. Folia Geobotanica 39. 275-291.
  • Morton, J.K. 1981. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Canada and the U.S.A. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 82. 357-368.
  • Morton, J.K. 1993. Chromosome numbers and polyploidy in the flora of Cameroon Mountain. Opera Bot. 121. 159- 172.
  • Mulligan, G.A. 1984. Chromosome numbers of some plants native and naturalized in Canada. Naturaliste Canad. 111. 447-449.
  • Nazarova, E.A. 1989. Karyological and palynological study of representatives of the genus Sonchus from the Caucasus. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 74. 53-59.
  • Nazarova, E.A. 2004. Chromosome Numbers of Flowering Plants of Armenian Flora. Yerevan, 1-171.
  • Oberprieler, C., Vogt, R. 1993. Chromosome numbers of north African phanerogams. II. Willdenowia. 23. 211-238.
  • Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. 2006. Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey III. Turkish Journal of Botany. 30. 281-316.
  • Probatova, N.S., Rudyka, E.G., Sokolovskaya, S.A. 1998. Chromosome numbers in vascular plants from the Islands of Peter the Great Bay and Muravyov-Amurskiy Peninsula (Primorsky territory). Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 83/5. 125-130.
  • Probatova, 2006. Further chromosome studies on vascular plant species from Sakhalin, Moneron and Kurile Islands. Biodivers. Biogeogr. Kuril Islands Sakhalin. 2. 93-110.
  • Razaq, Z.A., Vahidy, A.A., Ali, S.I. 1994. Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Pakistan. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 81. 800-808.
  • Renard, R., Lambinon, J., Reekmans, M., Veken, P.V., Govaert, M. 1983. Nombres chromosomiques de quelques Angiospermes du Rwanda. du Burundi et du Kenya. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 53. 342-371.
  • Romero Z. C., 1986. A new method for estimating karyotype asymmetry. Taxon 35. 526-530.
  • Ruíz de Clavijo, E. 1990. Números cromosomáticos de plantas occidentales. 608–618. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid. 47. 425-430.
  • Sell, P.D. (1975). Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Compositae subfam. Cichorioideae. In: Heywood, V.H. (ed.), Flora Europaea. Notulae systematicae ad Floram Europaean spectantes. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71. 236-267.
  • Shimizu, S., Miyase, T., Ueno, A., Usmanghani, K. 1989. Phytochemistry. 28. 3399.
  • Silvestre, S. 1984. Números 353-362, In Números cromosómicos para la flora expañola. 300-364. Lagascalia. 12. 298- 303.
  • Singh, S.P. 1993. Karyomorphological studies of Sonchus arvensis. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 80/4A. 150-151.
  • Stebbins, G.L. 1953. A new classification of the tribe Cichorieae. family Compositae. Madron. 12. 65-81.
  • Stevens, P.F. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. version 8. 2007. 2001 onwards. Available at http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/ research/APweb/.
  • Suda, J., Kyncl, T., Jarolímová, V. 2005. Genome size variation in Macaronesian angiosperms: forty percent of the Canarian endemic flora completed. Pl. Syst. Evol. 252. 215-238.
  • Volkova, S.A., Basargin, D.D. 2002. Chromosome numbers of species of Chabarovsk territory flora. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad). 87/4. 165-167.
  • http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?projectid=9
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Authors

Fahim Altınordu This is me

Ali Kandemir This is me

Esra Martin This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Altınordu, F., Kandemir, A., & Martin, E. (2013). Endemik Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews Asteraceae Erzincan sütotu türünün üzerinde karyolojik çalışma. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 6(3), 128-134. https://izlik.org/JA63GD56FA

❖  Indexes
Additional Web of Science Indexes: Zoological Record, TR Dizin, Medical Reads (RRS), CrossRef;10.46309/biodicon.

❖  Libraries
Aberystwyth University; All libraries; Bath University; Birmingham University; Cardiff University; City University London; CONSER (Not UK Holdings); Edinburgh University; Essex University;Eskisehir Technical University Library, Exeter University; EZB Electronic Journals Library; Feng Chia University Library; GAZİ Gazi University Library; Glasgow University; HEC-National Digital Library; Hull University; Imperial College London; Kaohsiung Medical University Library; ANKOS; Anadolu University Library; Lancaster University; Libros PDF; Liverpool University; London Metropolitan University; London School of Economics and Political Science; Manchester University; National Cheng Kung University Library; National ILAN University Library; Nottingham University; Open University; Oxford University; Queen Mary, University of London; Robert Gordon University; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sheffield Hallam University; Sheffield University; Shih Hsin University Library; Smithsonian Institution Libraries; Southampton University; Stirling University; Strathclyde University; Sussex University; The National Agricultural Library (NAL); The Ohio Library and Information NetWork; Trinity College Dublin; University of Washington Libraries; Vaughan Memorial Library; York University.

❖ Articles published in the journal “Biological Diversity and Conservation” are freely accessible. No article processing charge (APC) is charged.

❖ Additional Web of Science Indexes: Zoological Record
❖ This journal is a member of CrossRef;10.46309/biodicon.
❖ For published articles and full details about the journal, please visit http://www.biodicon.com; https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/yayin/biodicon.


❖  Correspondence Address:: Prof. Ersin YÜCEL, Sazova Mahallesi, Ziraat Caddesi, No.277 F Blok, 26005 Tepebaşı-Eskişehir/Türkiye
❖ E-mail: biodicon@gmail.com;
❖ Web Address: http://www.biodicon.com;  https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/biodicon
❖ Biological Diversity and Conservation
❖ ISSN 1308-5301 Print; ISSN 1308-8084 Online
❖ Publication Start Date 2008
❖ © Copyright by Biological Diversity and Conservation/Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma;  Available online at www.biodicon.com. All rights reserved.
. ❖ Publisher: ERSİN YÜCEL (https://www.ersinyucel.com.tr)
❖ This Journal is published three times a year. It is printed in Eskişehir, Türkiye.
❖ The authors are solely responsible for the articles published in this Journal .
❖ Editör-in Chief  : Prof.Dr. Ersin YÜCEL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-7578