Alkali metal tuzları NaCl, KNO3 , kuvvetli asit H2SO4 ve bazı ağır metallerin CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2 nohut Cicer arietinum tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine ekotoksikolojik etkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, bazı alkali metal tuzları NaCl, KNO , kuvvetli asit H2SO4 ve ağır metallerin CuCl2, FeCl, MgCl ve ZnCl2 Cicer arietinum L.’in iki çeşidinde C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ ve C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ çimlenme üzerine ekotoksikolojik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Cicer arietinum cv. ‘Akçin 91’ ve Cicer arietinum cv. ‘Gökçe’ çeşitlerinin farklı NaCl, KNO ve H2SO4 konsantrasyonlarındaki çimlenme cevapları benzer bulunmuştur. Kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında, NaCl ve KNO3’ın artan konsantrasyonlarında her iki çeşitte de çimlenme yüzdesi düşmüştür. Kuvvetli asit uygulamasının H2SO4 ise her iki çeşidin tohumlarında çimlenmeyi engellediği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte farklı konsantrasyonlarda CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2 uygulanan C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ ve C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ çeşidine ait tohumların çimlenme yüzdelerinde belirgin farklılıklar bulunmuştur. C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ çeşidi test edilen ağır metallerin varlığında C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ e göre daha yüksek çimlenme göstermiştir. C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ çeşidinde ve özellikle de CuCl2 yüksek konsantrasyonlarda çimlenmeyi durdurmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ in FeCl3 ve CuCl2’e karşı hassas, buna karşın C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ çeşidinin bu iki ağır metale oldukça toleranslı olduğunu göstermiştir. C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ ve C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ çeşitlerinin ağır metal CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2 uygulamalarına verdikleri farklı cevapların genetik yapılarındaki farklılıklardan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir

Keywords

• Cicer arietinum
• Çimlenme
• Ekotoksikoloji

Ecotoxicological effects of alkaline metal salts NaCl, KNO3 , strong acid H2SO4 and some heavy metals CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2 on the germination of chickpea Cicer arietinum seeds

Abstract

In this study, ecotoxicological effects of some alkaline metal salts NaCl, KNO3 , strong acid H2SO4 and heavy metals CuCl2, FeCl, MgCl2 and ZnCl2 on the germination of two chickpea Cicer arietinum L. cultural varieties C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ and C.a. cv. ‘Gökçe’ were investigated. Similar germination responses of Cicer arietinum cv. ‘Akçin 91’ and Cicer arietinum cv. ‘Gökçe’ to different concentrations of NaCl, KNO and H2SO4 were observed. When compared with control group, germination percentages of two varieties were decreased with increasing NaCl and KNO3 concentrations. On the other hand, application of strong acid H2SO4 inhibited the seed germination of both varieties. However, we have found significant differences in the germination percentage of C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ and C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ seeds exposed to different concentrations of CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 and ZnCl2. In the presence of heavy metals tested, C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ showed higher germination than C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’. Higher concentrations of FeCl3 and especially CuCl2 inhibited germination in C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’. Observed results indicated that C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ is sensitive to FeCl3 and CuCl2, whereas C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ is tolerant to these two heavy metals. Different responses of C.a. cv. ‘Akçin 91’ and C.a. cv.‘Gökçe’ to heavy metal CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2 applications were thought to originate from their different genetic make-up

Keywords

• Cicer arietinum
• Germination
• Ecotoxicology

References

1. Akçin, A., 1988. Yemeklik Dane Baklagiller. S.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları No: 8, Konya.
2. Aydınalp, C., Marinova, S. 2009. The effects of heavy metals on seed germination and
3. plant growth on alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 15: 347-350.
4. Azmat, R., Haider, S., Askari, S. 2006. Effect of Pb on germination, growth, morphology and histomorphology of Phaseolus mungo and Lens culinaris. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 9: 979-984.
5. Carver B. F., Ownby J. D. 1995. Acid soil tolerance in wheat. Advances in Agronomy. 54: 117–173.
6. Chinnusamy, V., Jagendorf, A., J. Zhu. 2005. Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants. Crop Science. 45: 437-448.
7. Claire, L.C., Adriano, D.C., Sajuran, K.S., Abel, S.L., Thoma, D.P., Driver, J.T. 1991. Effects of selected trace metals on germinating seeds of six plant species. Water Air Soil Pollution. 59: 231-240.
8. Conesa, H.M., Moradi, A.B., Robinson, B.H., Kühne, G., Lehmann, E., Schulin, R. 2009. Response of native grasses and Cicer arietinum to soil polluted with mining wastes: Implications for the management of land adjacent to mine sites. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 65: 198–204.

9. Depledge, M.H., J.M. Weeks, Bjerregaard, P. 1994. Metals. In: Handbook of Ecotoxicology, (Eds. Callow, P.). Vol 2, 9-105. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
10. FAO 2006. The FAO Statistical Yearbooks 2005/2006 http://faostat.fao.org/
11. Gupta, D. K., Tripathi, R. D., Rai, U. N., Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Dwivedi, S., Maathuis, F. J. M. 2007. Growth and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum L.grown on amended fly ash. Environ. Monit. Assess. 134: 479-487.
12. Jeliazkova E.A., Craker, L.E. 2003. Seed germination of some medicinal and aromatic plants in a heavy metal environment. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 10: 105-112.
13. Karakullukçu, E., Adak, M.S. 2008. Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum) çeşitlerinin tuza toleranslarının belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 14: 313- 319.
14. Knights E.J., Acikgoz N., Warkentin T, Bejiga G, Yadav S.S., Sandu J.S. 2007. Area, production and distribution. In: Chickpea Breeding and Management (Yadav, S.S., Redden, R., Chen, W., Sharma, B., Eds.), pp. 167-178. CAB International.
15. Meagher, R. B. 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 3: 153-162.
16. Mishra, M., Mishra, P.K., Kumar, U., Prakash, V. 2009. NaCl phytotoxicity induces oxidative Stress and response of antioxidant systems in Cicer arietinum L. cv. abrodhi. Botany Research International 2/2: 74-82.
17. Munns, R., Tester, M. 2008. Mechanism of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 651-681.
18. Munzuroğlu, O., Kırbağ Zengin, F. 2005. Effect of cadmium on germination, coleoptile and root growth of barley seeds in the presence of gibberellic acid and kinetin. Journal of Environmental Biology. 27: 671-677.
19. Ocak, A., Çiçek, A., Zeytinoğlu, H., Mercangöz, A. 2002. Porsuk Çayı suyunun bazı tarım bitkileri üzerindeki ekotoksikolojik etkileri. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi. 45: 9-13.
20. Parida, A.K., Das, A.B. 2005. Salt tolerance and silinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 60: 324-349.
21. Peralta, J.R., Gardea-Torresday, J.L., Tiemann, K.J., Gomez, E., Arteaga, S., Rascon, E., Parsons, J.G. 2001. Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 66: 727-734.
22. Raskin, I., Ensley, B.D. 2000. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
23. Sharma, S., Sharma, P., Datta, S., Gupta, V. 2010. Morphological and biochemical response of Cicer arietinum L. var. pusa-256 towards an excess of zinc concentration. Life Science Journal. 7: 95- 98.
24. Tekin, F., Bozcuk, S. 1998. Helianthus annuus L. var. santafe (Ayçiçeği) tohumlarının çimlenmesi ve erken büyüme üzerine tuz ve dışsal putresinin etkileri. Turkish Journal of Biology. 22: 331-340.
25. Toker C. 2009. A note on the evolution of Kabuli chickpeas as shown by induced mutations in Cicer reticulatum Ladizinsky. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 56: 7–12.
26. Yücel, E. 2008. Ecotoxıcological effects of different concentrations of alkaline metal salts and an acid on the seed germination of Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40: 1331-1340.
27. Yücel, E., Hatipoğlu, A., Sözen, E., Güner, Ş.T. 2008a. The effects of the lead (PbCl2) on mitotic cell division of Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana). Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon). 1/2: 124- 129.
28. Yücel, E., Duran, A., Türe, C., Böcük, H., Özaydın, B. 2008b. Effects of different salt (NaCl), nitrate (KNO3) and acid (HCl and H2SO4) concentrations on the germination of some Hesperis species seeds. Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon). 1/2: 91-104.
29. Yücel, E., 2000a. Effects of different salt (NaCl), nitrate (KNO3) and acid (H2SO4) concentrations on the germination of Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata seeds, pp. 129-136 In (Ed.) Gözükırmızı, N., Proceedings of the 2nd Balkan Botanical Congress, Plant of The Balkan Peninsula: Into the Next Millennium Volume II, Istanbul, Turkey.
30. Yücel, E. 2000b. Effects of different Salt (NaCl), nitrate (KNO3) and acid (H2SO4) concentrations on the germination of some Salvia species seeds. Seed Science & Technology. 28: 853-860.
31. Wu, F., Zhang, G. 2003. Phytochelatin and its function in heavy metal tolerance of higher plants. Ying Yang Sheg Tai Xue Bao. 14: 632-636.