Determination of phenolic compounds and antibacterial activity of Juglans regia

Year 2018, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 166 - 173, 15.12.2018

Ebru Önem Ayşegül Özaydın

Abstract

Treatment with plants has gained more importance because of reaching critical limits to antibiotic resistant. In this study phenolic compounds of walnut membrane was analyzed using by HPLC. Antibacterial activity of methanol and ethanol extracts of juglans fruit membranes were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and clinical Staphylococcus spp. As a results; it was observed that all extracts had antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains different rate 12 mm to 19 mm . The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration MIC value was detected 1,01 mg/ml for reference strains. HPLC analysis showed walnut membrane extracts have some phenolic acids and flavonoids such as gallic acid, epicatechin, catechin, rutin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid

Keywords

Walnut membrane, phenolic, HPLC, antibacterial

Juglans regia fenolik bileşen içeriklerinin ve antibakteriyel aktivitesinin belirlenmesi

Abstract

Antibiyotik direncinin kritik seviyelere ulaşması neticesinde enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tedavisinde bitkilerin kullanımı giderek önem kazanmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmada ceviz ara kabuğunun içerdiği bazı fenolik bileşikler HPLC ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca antibakteriyel etkisi bazı Gram-pozitif ve Gram-negatif Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterecoccus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Chromobacterium violecium ATCC 12472, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 suşlar ile klinik Stafilokok izolatları üzerinde antibakteriyel etkisi araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta ekstraktların Gram-pozitif bakterilere karşı farklı oranlarda antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir 12 mm-19 mm . Gram-negatif bakterilerden ise sadece C. violaceum ATCC 12472 üzerinde antibakteriyel etkisi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Minumum inhibisyon konsantrasyon değeri ise en düşük 1,01 mg/ml olarak tespit edilmiştir. HPLC analiz sonuçlarına göre de farklı oranlarda fenolik asit ve flavonoid gallik asit, epikateşin, kateşin, rutin, p-hidroksi benzoik asit, p-kumarik asit, rosmarik asit içerdiği tespit edilmiştir

Keywords

Ceviz ara kabuk, fenolik, HPLC, antibakteriyel

References

• Allaie, A.H., Mishra, R.P., Ganaie, A. A., Ali, S., Singh, R. (2018). Antibacterial activity of hexane extract of Juglans regia against some clinical isolates of urinary tract infection. International Journal of Biology Research, 3(2), 64-67
• Baba, S.A., Malik, S.A. (2015). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of a root extract of Arisaema jacquemontii Blume. J Taibah Univ Sci., 9,449–454.
• Bayazit, S., Tefek, H., Çalışkan, O. (2016). Türkiye’de ceviz (Juglans regia L.) araştırmaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 169-179.
• Beiki, T., Ghasem D. Najafpour, G.D., Hosseini, M. (2017). Evaluation of antimicrobial and dyeing properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extract for cosmetics. Society of Dyers and Colourists, Color. Technol., 134, 71–81.
• Cosmulescu, S., Trandafır, I., Nour, V., Ionıca, M , Tutulescu, F. Phenolics Content, Antioxidant Activity and Color of Green Walnut Extracts for Preparing Walnut Liquor. Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 2014, 42(2):551-555.
• Cushnie, T.P.T., Lamb, A.J. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 26, 343-356. 17. Jakopıč, J., Veberıč, R., Štampar, F. (2009). Extraction of phenolic compounds from green walnut fruitsin different solvents. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 93(1), 11 – 15.
• Do, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y. H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22, 296–302.
• Erdoğan, E., Everest, A. (2013). Antimikrobiyal Ajan Olarak Bitki Bileşenleri. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi. 6 (2), 27-32.
• Gomes, T., Caponio, F., Alloggio, V. (1999). Phenolic compounds of virgin olive oil: influence of paste preperation techniques. Food Chemistry, 64, 203‐209.
• Hashimoto, T., Kumazawa, S., Nanjo, F., Hara, Y., Nakayama, T. (1999). Interaction of tea catechins with lipid bilayers investigated with liposome systems. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 63, 2252-2255.
• Heipieper, H.J., Keweloh, H., Rehm, H.J. (1991). Influence of phenols on growth and membrane permeability of free and immobilized Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1213-1217.
• Holder I.A., Boyce S.T. (1994). Agar well diffusion assay testing of bacterial susceptibility to various antimicrobials in concentrations non-toxic for human cells in culture. Burns, 20 (5), 426-429.
• Ignat, I., Volf, I., Popa, V.I. (2011). A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chemistry, 126(4), 1821–1835.
• Jakopıč, J ., Veberıč, R., Štampar, F. (2009). Extraction of phenolic compounds from green walnut fruits in different solvents. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 93(1), 11 – 15.
• Kadiroğlu, P., Ekici, H. (2018). Yeşil Ceviz Kabuklarının biyoaktif özelliklerinin FT-IR spektroskopi yöntemiyle tahmin edilmesi. Akademik Gıda, 16(1), 20-26.
• Kale, A. A., Pawar, A. B., Deshpande, N. R., Salvekar, J. P. (2011). Antimicrobial activity study of Juglans regia L. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 4(2),331-332.
• Karadeniz, F., Ekşi, A. (2001). Elma suyunda fenolik madde dağılımı üzerine araştırma. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4),102-105.
• Keweloh, H., Weyrauch, G., Rehm, H.N. (1990). Phenol-induced membrane changes in free and immobilized Escherichia coli. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33, 66-71.
• Koohsari, H., Ghaemi, E.A., Sadegh Sheshpoli, M., Jahedi, M., Zahiri, M. (2015). The investigation of antibacterial activity of selected native plants from North of Iran. J Med Life., 8(Spec Iss 2), 38–42.
• Moghaddam, P.Z., Mohammadi, A., Feyzi, P., Alesheikh, P. (2017). In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of various extracts from exocarps and endocarps of walnut. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 30(5), 1725-1731
• Nicu, A.I., Pîrvu, L., Stoian, G., Vamanu, A. (2018). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Fagus sylvatica L. and Juglans regia L. leaves. Farmacia, 66(3), 483-486.
• Özaydın A, 2013. Farklı kurutma koşullarının bazı önemli armut çeşitlerinin aroma, fenolik madde ve diğer kalite bileşenleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 181s, Isparta.
• Özkaya Şahin, G. (2003). Gram pozitif kok enfeksiyonları: Sorunlar ve Çözümler. 11-21, Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara.
• Pereira, J.A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valenta˜o, P., Andrade, P.B., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Ferreres, F., Bento, A., Seabra, R., Estevinho, L. (2007). Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45, 2287–2295.
• Pirvu, L., Barbulescu, D., Nichita, C., Nita, S., Colceru Mihul, S. (2011). Obtaining and chemical characterization of some vegetal extracts with corrosion-scaling inhibition properties. Part II. Juglandis folium and Agrimoniae herba extracts. Rom Biotechnol Lett., 6(1), 5937-5944.
• Puupponen-Pimia, R., Nohynek, L., Meier, C., Kahkönen, M., Heinonen, M., Hopia, A., Oksman-Caldentey, K.M. (2001). Antimicrobial Properties of Phenolic Compounds From Berries. Journal Of Applied Microbiology. 90, 494-507.
• Saltan Çitoğlu, G., Altanlar, N. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of some plants used in folk medicine. Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg., 32 (3), 159-163.
• Shi, J., Yu, J., Pohorly, J.E., Kakuda, Y. (2003). Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality. Journal of Medicinal Food, 6(4), 291-299.
• Silva, B.M., Andrade, P.B., Valenta˜o, P., Ferreres, F., Seabra, R.M., Ferreira, M.A. (2004). Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and jam: antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 4705–4712.
• Taşova, Y. (2003). İmmunosupresif Hastalarda Gelişen İnfeksiyonlar: Sık Rsatlanan Gram-pozitif Kok Enfeksiyonları. 27-43, Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara.
• Yiğit, D., Yiğit, N., Aktaş, E., Özgen, U. (2009). Ceviz (Juglans regia L.)’in antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cem Derg., 39(1-2),7-11.
• Yücel Şengün, İ., Yücel, E. (2015). Antimicrobial properties of wild fruits. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 8(1), 69-77.
• Zakavi, F., Golpasand Hagh, L., Daraeighadikolaei, A., Farajzadeh Sheikh, A., Daraeighadikolaei, A., Leilavi Shooshtari, Z. (2013). Antibacterial effect of Juglans regia bark against oral pathologic bacteria. Int J Dent. 2013; 2013:854765; doi:10.1155/2013/854765.