The significance of the Betulaceae family in Quaternary: examples from the Golden Horn İstanbul/Turkey and Hazar Lake Elazığ/Turkey sediments

Year 2014, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 94 - 109, 15.04.2014

Hatice Kutluk

Abstract

Alnus Alder and Betula Birch are the two genera of the family Betulaceae. Alnus is widespread in the temperate and cool regions of the Northern Hemisphere and is represented by six taxa in Turkey which belong to two species and two of which are endemics. It grows between sea level and 1600 m elevation. Betula is represented by five taxa, one of which is endemic and grows in Eastern Anatolia at altitudes of 1300 to 3000 m. Alnus and Betula are regarded as pioneer genera in the Quaternary palynological studies due to their ecological characteristics such as tolerating poor soils but being intolerant of shade. Alnus and Betula spreaded on the exposed poor soils upon melting of ice of Pleistocene age at high latitude areas once covered by ice sheets or in the areas where mountain glaciers extended down slopes. While the unfavorable climatic conditions of the Pleistocene led to the demise of plant species at more northerly latitudes of Turkey, those plant species growing in Anatolia survived in sheltered coastal areas and in deep valleys of the inner parts. Consequently, by varying subspecies, hybrids and endemics the plant taxa created the remarkable richness of the present-day Turkish flora. Representation of alder by a single species in a broad geography but diversification only in Turkey by six taxa two of which are endemics and the presence of birch only at higher altitudes in Eastern Anatolia which was recorded in the Last Glacial period prove that plant taxa in Turkey are in close association with the geography and the climatic changes of the Quaternary. Vegetational changes during the Holocene in Turkey are known from the palynological studies carried out in lakes and peat deposits, sediments of the deep sea drillings from the Marmara and Black Sea and from the archaeological and historical records. In this study, findings from the Golden Horn İstanbul and Hazar Lake Elazığ sediments are evaluated together with the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of Alnus and Betula in the aforementioned palynological studies and their relationship with the geological and geographical evolution of Anatolia under the influence of global climatic changes is investigated. Pre-Quaternary records are also summarized

Keywords

Alnus, Betula, Holocene, palynology, Golden Horn İstanbul , Hazar Lake Elazığ

Betulaceae Familyasının Kuvaterner’deki önemi: Haliç İstanbul ve Hazar Gölü Elazığ Holosen tortullarından örnekler

Abstract

Alnus Kızılağaç ve Betula Huş Ağacı Betulaceae familyasına bağlı iki cinstir. Kuzey yarıkürenin ılıman ve serin bölgelerinde geniş bir yayılıma sahip olan Alnus Türkiye’de deniz seviyesi ila 1600 m yükseklikler arasında yetişen, iki türe bağlı ve ikisi endemik olan altı taksonla, Betula Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde, 1300-3000 m’ler arasında, biri endemik olan beş türle temsil edilir. Alnus ve Betula ışık isteklerinin fazla oluşu, çıplak ve fakir topraklara iyi tolere etme gibi ekolojik özelliklerinden dolayı Kuvaterner palinolojik çalışmalarının önemli, indeks taksonları olarak bilinirler. Pleyistosen’de örtü buzullarıyla kaplanan yukarı enlemlerde ya da dağ buzullarının aşağılara doğru genişlediği bölgelerde, buzulların erimesiyle birlikte açığa çıkan fakir topraklarda öncü bitkiler olarak yayılırlar. Türkiye’nin kuzeyindeki enlemlerde, Pleyistosen’in soğuk dönemlerinde, bitki türleri iklimsel koşullara dayanamayıp kaybolurken, Anadolu’nun korunaklı kıyı bölgelerine ve iç kısımlardaki derin, kuytu vadilere çekilerek varlıklarını sürdürmüşler, alt tür, hibrit ya da endemik taksonlar üreterek Türkiye florasının bugünkü zenginliğine ulaşmasına neden olmuşlardır. Geniş bir coğrafyada tek bir türle temsil edilen Alnus’un, yalnız Türkiye’de, ikisi endemik olan altı taksonla çeşitlenmiş olması ve son buzul dönemi kayıtlarında gözlenen Betula’nın, günümüzde yalnız Doğu Anadolu’nun yüksek kesimlerinde varlığını sürdürmesi, bitki taksonlarının Türkiye’nin coğrafyası ve Kuvaterner iklim değişimleri ile uyum içinde olduğunu gösterir. Türkiye’de Holosen’de bitki örtüsündeki değişimler göllerde ve turbalarda yapılan palinolojik çalışmalardan, Marmara ve Karadeniz’de açılan derin deniz sondajlarından, arkeolojik ve tarihsel kayıtlardan anlaşılır. Bu çalışmada Alnus ve Betula’nın günümüz ve Kuvaterner’deki coğrafik ve stratigrafik dağılımları, söz konusu palinolojik çalışmalardan ve Haliç İstanbul ile Hazar Gölü Elazığ tortullarından elde edilen bulgularla birlikte değerlendirilmiş ve Anadolu’nun jeolojik ve coğrafik evrimi ve küresel iklim değişimleri ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Kuvaterner öncesi palinolojik kayıtlar da özetlenmiştir

Keywords

Alnus, Betula, Holosen, palinoloji, Haliç İstanbul, Hazar Gölü Elazığ

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