Investigation of cytotoxic effects of pyridine in root meristem cells of onion Allium cepa

Year 2011, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 92 - 98, 15.08.2011

Hülya Sivas Sevim Gökbayrak

Abstract

Pyridine as a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic substance and its derivatives exist in both surface and ground water because of its use in a variety of food, medicinal and chemical industrial products. In the present work, cytotoxic effect of pyridine has been investigated for the first time in a plant, on root-tip growth and the meristem cells of onion Allium cepa L. . Different concentrations of pyridine significantly affected the growth and morphology of onion roots causing shorter, thicker and gelatin like structures compared to the control. An increase in the pyridine doses caused an increase in mitosis abnormalities in the squashes prepared from the cells of root-tip meristem whereas the mitotic index was diminished. Mitosis abnormalities have been observed generally as anaphase bridges, stickiness, anaphasetelophase aberrations and c-metaphase. As a result, pyridine at low doses has been significantly cytotoxic on the meristem cells of onion root-tip. Thus, we suggest that toxic effects of pyridine may be investigated and the mechanisms may be evaluated in different systems for human health

Keywords

Pyridine, Cytotoxic Effect, Allium cepa, Onion

Piridinin sitotoksik etkilerinin soğan Allium cepa kök meristem hücrelerinde araştırılması

Abstract

Azot-içeren heterosiklik bir madde olan piridin ve türevleri besin, tıbbi olarak ya da kimya sanayi gibi endüstriyel aktiviteler sonucu oluşmakta ve hem yüzey hem de yer altı sularında yaygın olarak bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, piridinin soğan Allium cepa L. köklenmesi ve kök-ucu meristem hücreleri üzerindeki genotoksik etkisi ilk kez araştırılmıştır. Farklı dozlardaki piridin soğan köklerinin büyümesini ve morfolojisini doza bağlı olarak önemli derecede etkilemiş, kontrole göre daha kısa, kalın ve jelimsi yapılar olarak gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Kök ucu meristem hücrelerinden hazırlanan ezme-preparatlarda, piridin dozlarındaki artış mitotik indeksin düşmesine neden olurken, mitoz anomalilerinde artışa neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mitoz anomalileri genellikle anafaz köprüsü, yapışkanlık, bozulmuş anafaz-telofaz ve c-metafaz oluşması şeklinde gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, düşük dozlardaki piridin soğan kök-ucu meristem hücreleri üzerinde önemli derecede sitotoksik olmuştur. Bundan dolayı, insanların sıklıkla maruz kaldığı piridinin toksik etkisi farklı sistemlerde de araştırılmalı ve etki mekanizması aydınlatılmalıdır

Keywords

Piridin, Sitotoksik Etki, Allium cepa, Soğan

References

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs, U.S. Public Health Service. Toxicological Profile for Pyridine, September 1995.
• Ateeq, B., Abdul, F.M., Niamat, M., Ahmad, W. 2002. Clastogenicity of pentachlorophenol, 2,4-D and butachlor evaluated by Allium root tip test. Mutation Research. 514: 105-113.
• Chandra, S., Chauhan, L.K.S., Murthy R.C., Saxena, P.N., Pande, P.N., Gupta, S.K. 2005. Comparative biomonitoring of leachates from hazardous solid waste of two industries using Allium test. Science of the Total Environment. 347: 46– 52.
• Claxton, L.D., Dearfield, K.L., Spanggord, R.J., Riccio, E.S., Mortelmans, K. 1987. Comparative mutagenicity of halogenated pyridines in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test. Mutation Research. 176: 185- 198.
• Fiskesjö, G. 1993. Allium test 1: A 2-3 day plant test for toxicity assessment by measuring the root growth of onions. Environmental Toxicology Water Quality. 8: 461-470.
• Florin, I., L. Rutberg, M. Curvall, C.R. Enzell. 1980. Screening of Tobacco Smoke Constituents for Mutagenicity Using the Ames Test. Toxicology. 18: 219-232.
• Foureman, P., Mason, J.M., Valencia, R., Zimmering, S. 1994. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. Part X. Results of 70 coded chemical tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environmental and Molecular Mutageneis. 23: 208-227.
• Gold, S., Zeiger, E. 1997. Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases. CRC Pres, Boca Raton.
• Gooderham, N.J., Zhu, H., Lauber, S., Boyce, A., Creton, S. 2002. Molecular and genetic toxicology of 2-amino-1- methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). Mutatation Research-Fund Mol M. 506-507: 91-9.
• Gopalan, H.N.B. 1999. Ecosystem health and human well being: The mission of the international programme on plant bioassays. Mutation Research. 426: 99-102.
• Gömürgen, A.N. 2000. Cytological effect of the herbicide 2,4-D isooctylester 48% on root mitosis of Allium cepa L. Cytologia. 64: 383-388.
• Grant, W.F. 1982. Chromosome aberration assays in Allium. A report of the United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency Gene Toxicity Program. Mutation Research. 99: 273-291.
• Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K., Speck, W., Zeiger, E. 1983. Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environmental Mutagenesis 5/suppl. 1: 3-142.
• Jones, R.N., Rickards, G.K. 1991. Practical genetics. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Jori, A.D., Clamari, D., Cattabeni, E., Di Domenico, A., Gali, C.L., Gali, E., Silano, V. 1983. Ecotoxicological profile of pyridine. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety. 7: 251-275.
• Kaiser, J.P., Feng, Y., Bollag, J.M. 1996. Microbial metabolism of pyridine, quinoline, acridine and their derivatives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbiological Reviews. 60: 483-493.
• Kaymak, F. 1996. Effects of aluminium (Al3+) on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum L. Turkish Journal of Biology. 20: 139-145.
• Kilbey, B.J., Legator, M., Nichols, W., Ramel, C. 1984. Handbook of mutagenicity test procedures. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Konuk, M., Liman R., Ciğerci, İ.H. 2007. Determination of genotoxic effects of boron on Allium cepa root meristematic cells. Pakistan Journal Botany. 39/1: 73-79.
• Ma, T.H., Grant, W.F., de Serres, F.J. 1997. The genotoxicity monitoring of the air, water and soil – a preliminary report of the International Program on Plant Bioassays (IPPB). Mutation Research. 379/ S99, Suppl. 1.
• Mason, J.M., Valencia, R., Zimmering, S. 1992. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila: VIII. Reeexamination of equivacal results. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 19: 227-234.
• Mc Gregor, D.B., Brown, A., Cattanach, P., Edwards, I., Mcbridge, D., Riach, C., Caspary, W.J. 1988. Responses of the L5178Y tk+/tk mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay: III. 72 coded chemicals. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 12: 85-154.
• Migid, H.M., Azab, Y.A., Ibrahim, W.M. 2007. Use of plant genotoxicity bioassay for the evaluation of efficiency of algal biofilters in bioremediation of toxic industrial effluent. Ecotoxcicology and Environmental Safety. 66/1: 57- 64.
• Monarca, S., Feretti, D., Collivignarelli, C., Guzella, L., Zebrini, I., Bertanza, G., Pedrazzani, R. 2000. The influence of different disinfectans on mutagenicity and toxicity of urban wastewater. Water Resarch 34: 4261-4269.
• Munoz, E.R., Barnett, B.M. 2003. Chromosome malsegregation induced by the rodent carcinogens acetamide, pyridine and diethanolamine in Drosophila melanogaster females. Mutation Research. 539: 137-144.
• National Toxicological Program. 2000. Toxicological and carcinogenesis studies of pyridine (CAS No. 110-86-1) in F344/N rats, Wistar rats and B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies), TR-470.
• Olorunfemi, D.I., Ogieseri, U.M., Akinboro, A. 2011. Genotoxicity Screening of Industrial Effluents using Onion bulbs (Allium cepa L. L.). Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Management. 15/1: 211 – 216.
• Patra, J., Sahoo, M.K., Panda, B.B. 2005. Salicylic acid triggers genotoxic adaptation to methyl mercuric chloride and ethyl methane sulfonate, but not to maleic hydrazide in root meristem cells of Allium cepa L. L. Mutation Research. 581/1-2: 173-18.
• Rank J., Nielsen, M.H. 1993. A modified Allium test as a tool in the screening of the genotoxicity of complex mixtures. Hereditas. 118: 49-53.
• Rank, J., Nielsen, M.H. 1997. Allium cepa L. anaphase-telophase root tip chromosome aberration assay on N-methyl-N- nitrosurea, maleic hydrazide, sodium azide, and ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutation Research. 390: 121-127.
• Riley, R.G., Garland, T.R., Shiosaki, K., Mann, D.C., Wildung, R.E. 1981. Alkylpyridines in surface waters, grounwater, and subsoils of a drainage located adjacent to an oil shale facility. Environmental Science & Technology. 15: 697-701.
• Sahi, A.N., Singh, R.N. 1996. Fly-ash induced chromosomal aberration in Allium cepa L. Cytobios. 86: 23-28.
• Singh, B.B., Chandra, R., Sharma, Y.K. 2008. Effect of pyridine and formaldehyde on a Macrophyte (Lemna minor l.) and a sludge worm (Tubıfex tubifex Müller) in fresh water microcosms. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 6/2: 21-35.
• Sims, G.K., O’Loughlin, E.J. 1989. Degradation of pyridine in the environment. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Contam. 19: 309-340.
• Sözen, E., Yılmaz, M., Çolak, G., Yücel, E. 2010. Ecotoxicological effects of alkaline metal salts (H2SO4) and some heavy metals (CuCl2, FeCl3, MgCl2 ve ZnCl2) on the germination of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds. Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon). 3/3: 64-71.
• Te-Hsiu, M.A. 1999. The International program on plant bioassays and the report of the follow-up study after the hands-on workshop in China. Mutation Research. 426: 103-106.
• Türkoğlu, Ş. 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. L. Mutation Research. 626/1-2: 4-14.
• Yücel, E., Hatipoğlu, A., Sözen, E., Güner, Ş.T. 2008. The effects of the lead (PbCl2) on mitotic cell division of Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana). Biological Diversity and Conservation (BioDiCon). 1/2: 124- 129.
• Zeytinoglu, H., Meric, A., Tuylu, B., Ergene, E. 2006. Synthesis and genotoxic activities of five 2-aryl-substituted- benzothiazole derivatives. Revista Chimie. 57/12: 1247-1252.
• Zimmermann, F.K., Henning, J.H., Scheel, I., Dehler, M. 1986. Genetic and anti-tubulin effects induced by pyridine derivatives. Mutation Research. 163: 23-31.