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İnsan eritrosit paketinde kadmiyum ile indüklenen oksidatif strese tannik asit, kakao ve sarı kantaron yağının antioksidatif etkileri

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1 - 6, 15.12.2019

İbrahim Uğur Çalış Ahu Soyocak , Aylin Dal Hülyam Kurt , Ertuğrul Çolak

Abstract

Kadmiyum (Cd), çevre kirliliğine neden olan ağır metaller arasında yer almakta ve hücrelerde geçici veya kalıcı oksidatif strese sebep olabilmektedir. Bu toksik maddelerin oluşturduğu oksidatif strese canlı organizmaların oluşturduğu yanıtta antioksidatif enzim mekanizmaları yetersiz kalabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Cd ile indüklenen oksidatif stresi önlemek amacıyla, antioksidan etkileri bilinen tannik asit (TA), kakao yağı (KY) ve sarı kantaron yağının (SKY) insan eritrositlerindeki lipit peroksidasyonu ve antioksidan enzimler üzerine olası koruyucu etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışmada, 7 sağlıklı gönüllüden kan örnekleri alınarak eritrosit paketleri hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan eritrosit paketlerinden kontrol, Cd, TA, KY, SKY ve kombinasyonlarını (Cd+TA, Cd+KY ve Cd+SKY) içeren deney grupları oluşturulmuştur. Tüm gruplarda süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), malondialdehit (MDA) ve katalaz (KAT) enzim düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Normal dağılım gösteren ve göstermeyen değişken grupları arasındaki karşılaştırmalar Tek Yönlü Varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve Kruskal-Wallis testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. SOD aktivitesinin Cd grubuna göre (3231±214,6 ü/gHb), Cd uygulaması sonrası TA (3507±168,2 ü/gHb), KY (3518±170,0 ü/gHb) ve SKY (3469±249,5 ü/gHb) uygulanan gruplarda arttığı gözlendi. MDA aktivitesinin Cd grubuna göre (60,3±14,9 nmol/gHb), Cd uygulaması sonrası KY (52,1±24,3 nmol/gHb) ve SKY (54,1±23,7 nmol/gHb) uygulanan gruplarda azaldığı ancak TA (61,5±50,0 nmol/gHb) uygulanan grupta değişmediği gözlendi. KAT aktivitesinin Cd grubuna göre (196,2±223,0 ü/gHb), Cd uygulaması sonrası TA (228,2±31,3 ü/gHb), KY (281,6±295,3 ü/gHb) ve SKY (267,8±69,4 ü/gHb) uygulanan gruplarda arttığı gözlendi. Bu sonuçlar KY ve SKY’nin Cd ile indüklenen oksidatif stresi azaltabileceğini ancak MDA düzeyleri açısından TA’in çok fazla etkili olmadığını göstermektedir. Yapılacak diğer çalışmalar açısından elde edilen bu veriler yol gösterici olabilecektir.

Keywords

kadmiyum oksidatif stres insan eritrositi

References

  • Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. (2017). Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763.
  • Zhou D, Shao L, Spitz DR. (2014). Reactive oxygen species in normal and tumor stem cells. Advances in cancer research: Elsevier. p. 1-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420117-0.00001-3
  • Nawar WW. (1996). Lipids. In “Food Chemistry”, O.R.Fennema. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; p. 225-319.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International journal of food science & technology. 36:703-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x
  • Wijeratne SS, Cuppett SL, Schlegel V. (2005). Hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress damage and antioxidant enzyme response in Caco-2 human colon cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 53:8768-74. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0512003
  • Attia A, Ibrahim F, EL-Latif NAA, Aziz SW. (2014). Antioxidant effects of curcumin against cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress in the blood of rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 6:33-40. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2014.0316
  • Calis IU, Cosan DT, Saydam F, Kolac UK, Soyocak A, Kurt H, et al. (2016). The effects of monosodium glutamate and tannic acid on adult rats. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.37912
  • Katie E, Thorington R. (2006). Squirrels: the animal answer guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Kuppusamy UR, Das NP. (1993). Protective effects of tannic acid and related natural compounds on Crotalus adamenteus subcutaneous poisoning in mice. Pharmacology & toxicology. 72:290-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01652.x
  • Altay V, Karahan F, Sarcan YB, İlçim A, Fen MKÜ. (2015). An ethnobotanical research on wild plants sold in Kırıkhan district (Hatay/Turkey) herbalists and local markets. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 8:81-91.
  • Ekren S. (2010). Hypericum perforatum L. Klonlarının Bazı Tarımsal ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 16.
  • Sanchez-Reus M, del Rio MG, Iglesias I, Elorza M, Slowing K, Benedi J. (2007). Standardized Hypericum perforatum reduces oxidative stress and increases gene expression of antioxidant enzymes on rotenone-exposed rats. Neuropharmacology. 52:606-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.003
  • Ramiro-Puig E, Castell M. (2009). Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator. British Journal of Nutrition. 101:931-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508169896Published
  • Bansal A, Bhatnagar D. (1996). Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in vitro in human erythrocytes. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 5:460-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2333(96)00052-5
  • Coşan DT, Aylin D, Soyocak A, Çolak E, Çiçek A, Hülyam K. (2017). Kadmiyum toksisitesi oluşturulan sıçanlarda tannik asitin, ağır metal giderimi ve bazı biyokimyasal değerler üzerine etkisinin araştırılması. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi. 18:146-53.
  • Kılınç İ, Altuntaş İ, Kaptanağası M, Doğuç DK, Mollaoğlu H, Kaleli S. (2003). Chlorpiriphos-ethil'in rat plazmasinda in vivo lipoperoksidatif etkisi ile melatonin ve vitamin C+ vitamin E'nin koruyucu etkilerinin araştirilmasi. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 10.
  • Hasan SA, Ali B, Hayat S, Ahmad A. (2007). Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and carbonic anhydrase activity of chickpea. Turkish Journal of Biology. 31:137-40.
  • Abed M, Herrmann T, Alzoubi K, Pakladok T, Lang F. (2013). Tannic acid induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 32:1106-16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354510
  • Dasgupta A, Tso G, Szelei‐Stevens K. (2006). St. John's wort does not interfere with therapeutic drug monitoring of 12 commonly monitored drugs using immunoassays. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis. 20:62-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20098
  • Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. (1998). A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical chemistry. 34:497-500.
  • Uchiyama M, Mihara M. (1978). Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical biochemistry. 86:271-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90342-1
  • Goth L. (1991). A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. Clinica chimica acta. 196:143-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(91)90067-M
  • Karaca Ö, Sunay FB, Kuş MA, Gülcen B, Özcan E, Ögetürk M, et al. (2014). Kadmiyum ile Oluşturulan Deneysel Karaciğer Hasarına Karşı Melatoninin Etkilerinin Biyokimyasal ve Histopatolojik Düzeylerde İncelenmesi. Fırat Tıp Derg. 19:110-5.
  • Rani A, Kumar A, Lal A, Pant M. (2014). Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review. International journal of environmental health research. 24:378-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.835032
  • El-Sokkary GH, Nafady AA, Shabash EH. (2010). Melatonin administration ameliorates cadmium-induced oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of rat. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 73:456-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.014
  • Shaikh ZA, Vu TT, Zaman K. (1999). Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 154:256-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8586
  • Žikić R, Štajn A, Pavlović S, Ognjanović B, Saićić Z. (2001). Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocytes and plasma transaminases of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. Physiol Res. 50:105-11.
  • Shukla GS, Hussain T, Srivastava RS, Chandra SV. (1989). Glutathione peroxidase and catalase in liver, kidney, testis and brain regions of rats following cadmium exposure and subsequent withdrawal. Industrial health. 27:59-69.
  • Hussain T, Shukla GS, Chandra S. (1987). Effects of cadmium on superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of growing rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacology & toxicology. 60:355-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01526.x
  • Kara H, Karatas F, Canatan H, Servi K. (2005). Effects of exogenous metallothionein on acute cadmium toxicity in rats. Biological trace element research. 104:223-32.
  • El-Sayed IH, Lotfy M, El-Khawaga O-AY, Nasif WA, El-Shahat M. (2006). Prominent free radicals scavenging activity of tannic acid in lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental mice. Toxicology and industrial health. 22:157-63. https://doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th256oa
  • Sutherland BA, Rahman RM, Appleton I. (2006). Mechanisms of action of green tea catechins, with a focus on ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 17:291-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.10.005
  • Lopes GK, Schulman HM, Hermes-Lima M. (1999). Polyphenol tannic acid inhibits hydroxyl radical formation from Fenton reaction by complexing ferrous ions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 1472:142-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00117-8
  • Wu L, Chu C, Chung J, Chen C-H, Hsu L-S, Liu J-K, et al. (2004). Effects of tannic acid and its related compounds on food mutagens or hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA strands breaks in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 556:75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.07.004
  • Jalil AMM, Ismail A, Pei CP, Hamid M, Kamaruddin SHS. (2008). Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 56:7877-84. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8015915
  • Noori S, Nasir K, Mahboob T. (2009). Effects of cocoa powder on oxidant/antioxidant status in liver, heart and kidney tissues of rats. J Anim Plant Sci. 19:174-8.
  • El-Sherbiny DA, Khalifa AE, Attia AS, Eldenshary EE-DS. (2003). Hypericum perforatum extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 76:525-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2003.09.014

Antioxidative effects of tannic acid, cacao oil and st. john’s wort oil on the oxidative stress induced by cadmium in packed human erythrocytes

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1 - 6, 15.12.2019

İbrahim Uğur Çalış Ahu Soyocak , Aylin Dal Hülyam Kurt , Ertuğrul Çolak

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is among the heavy metals causing environmental pollution and can cause temporary or permanent oxidative stress in the cells. Antioxidative enzyme mechanisms may be inadequate in the response of living organisms to oxidative stress caused by these toxic substances. In this study, in order to prevent Cd induced oxidative stress, the possible protective effects of (TA), cacao oil (CO) and St. John’s Wort oil (JWO) on lipid erythrocytes and antioxidant enzymes were investigated. We prepared packed erythrocytes from the blood samples of 7 healthy volunteers. Experiment groups consisting of control, Cd, TA, CO, JWO and their combinations (Cd+TA, Cd+CO ve Cd+JWO) were arranged. In all groups, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Comparisons between groups of normally distributed variable were evaluated by One-Way variance analysis (ANOVA). Comparisons between groups of not normally distributed variable wereevaluated by Kruskal-Wallis test. After Cd administration SOD activity was increased in TA (3507± 68.2 u/gHb), CO (3518 ±170.0 u/gHb) and JWO (3469±249.5 u/ gHb) groups compared to Cd group. After Cd administration MDA levels were decreased in CO (52,1±24,3 nmol/gHb) and JWO (54,1±23,7 nmol/gHb) groups compared to Cd group. However, it did not change in the TA (61,5±50,0 nmol/gHb) group. After Cd administration CAT activity was increased in TA (228,2±31,3 u/gHb), CO (281,6±295,3 u/gHb) and JWO (267,8±69,4 u/gHb) groups compared to Cd group (196,2±223,0 u/gHb). These results indicate that HF and SCI may reduce Cd-induced oxidative stress, but TA is not very effective in terms of MDA levels. These data obtained in terms of other studies may be guiding.

Keywords

cadmium oxidative stress human erythrocytes

References

  • Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. (2017). Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763.
  • Zhou D, Shao L, Spitz DR. (2014). Reactive oxygen species in normal and tumor stem cells. Advances in cancer research: Elsevier. p. 1-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420117-0.00001-3
  • Nawar WW. (1996). Lipids. In “Food Chemistry”, O.R.Fennema. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; p. 225-319.
  • Kaur C, Kapoor HC. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables–the millennium’s health. International journal of food science & technology. 36:703-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x
  • Wijeratne SS, Cuppett SL, Schlegel V. (2005). Hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress damage and antioxidant enzyme response in Caco-2 human colon cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 53:8768-74. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0512003
  • Attia A, Ibrahim F, EL-Latif NAA, Aziz SW. (2014). Antioxidant effects of curcumin against cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress in the blood of rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 6:33-40. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPP2014.0316
  • Calis IU, Cosan DT, Saydam F, Kolac UK, Soyocak A, Kurt H, et al. (2016). The effects of monosodium glutamate and tannic acid on adult rats. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.37912
  • Katie E, Thorington R. (2006). Squirrels: the animal answer guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Kuppusamy UR, Das NP. (1993). Protective effects of tannic acid and related natural compounds on Crotalus adamenteus subcutaneous poisoning in mice. Pharmacology & toxicology. 72:290-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01652.x
  • Altay V, Karahan F, Sarcan YB, İlçim A, Fen MKÜ. (2015). An ethnobotanical research on wild plants sold in Kırıkhan district (Hatay/Turkey) herbalists and local markets. Biological Diversity and Conservation. 8:81-91.
  • Ekren S. (2010). Hypericum perforatum L. Klonlarının Bazı Tarımsal ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 16.
  • Sanchez-Reus M, del Rio MG, Iglesias I, Elorza M, Slowing K, Benedi J. (2007). Standardized Hypericum perforatum reduces oxidative stress and increases gene expression of antioxidant enzymes on rotenone-exposed rats. Neuropharmacology. 52:606-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.003
  • Ramiro-Puig E, Castell M. (2009). Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator. British Journal of Nutrition. 101:931-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508169896Published
  • Bansal A, Bhatnagar D. (1996). Cadmium induced lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in vitro in human erythrocytes. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 5:460-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2333(96)00052-5
  • Coşan DT, Aylin D, Soyocak A, Çolak E, Çiçek A, Hülyam K. (2017). Kadmiyum toksisitesi oluşturulan sıçanlarda tannik asitin, ağır metal giderimi ve bazı biyokimyasal değerler üzerine etkisinin araştırılması. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi. 18:146-53.
  • Kılınç İ, Altuntaş İ, Kaptanağası M, Doğuç DK, Mollaoğlu H, Kaleli S. (2003). Chlorpiriphos-ethil'in rat plazmasinda in vivo lipoperoksidatif etkisi ile melatonin ve vitamin C+ vitamin E'nin koruyucu etkilerinin araştirilmasi. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 10.
  • Hasan SA, Ali B, Hayat S, Ahmad A. (2007). Cadmium-induced changes in the growth and carbonic anhydrase activity of chickpea. Turkish Journal of Biology. 31:137-40.
  • Abed M, Herrmann T, Alzoubi K, Pakladok T, Lang F. (2013). Tannic acid induced suicidal erythrocyte death. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 32:1106-16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354510
  • Dasgupta A, Tso G, Szelei‐Stevens K. (2006). St. John's wort does not interfere with therapeutic drug monitoring of 12 commonly monitored drugs using immunoassays. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis. 20:62-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20098
  • Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. (1998). A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical chemistry. 34:497-500.
  • Uchiyama M, Mihara M. (1978). Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Analytical biochemistry. 86:271-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(78)90342-1
  • Goth L. (1991). A simple method for determination of serum catalase activity and revision of reference range. Clinica chimica acta. 196:143-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(91)90067-M
  • Karaca Ö, Sunay FB, Kuş MA, Gülcen B, Özcan E, Ögetürk M, et al. (2014). Kadmiyum ile Oluşturulan Deneysel Karaciğer Hasarına Karşı Melatoninin Etkilerinin Biyokimyasal ve Histopatolojik Düzeylerde İncelenmesi. Fırat Tıp Derg. 19:110-5.
  • Rani A, Kumar A, Lal A, Pant M. (2014). Cellular mechanisms of cadmium-induced toxicity: a review. International journal of environmental health research. 24:378-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.835032
  • El-Sokkary GH, Nafady AA, Shabash EH. (2010). Melatonin administration ameliorates cadmium-induced oxidative stress and morphological changes in the liver of rat. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 73:456-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.09.014
  • Shaikh ZA, Vu TT, Zaman K. (1999). Oxidative stress as a mechanism of chronic cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity and protection by antioxidants. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 154:256-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8586
  • Žikić R, Štajn A, Pavlović S, Ognjanović B, Saićić Z. (2001). Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in erythrocytes and plasma transaminases of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch.) exposed to cadmium. Physiol Res. 50:105-11.
  • Shukla GS, Hussain T, Srivastava RS, Chandra SV. (1989). Glutathione peroxidase and catalase in liver, kidney, testis and brain regions of rats following cadmium exposure and subsequent withdrawal. Industrial health. 27:59-69.
  • Hussain T, Shukla GS, Chandra S. (1987). Effects of cadmium on superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of growing rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmacology & toxicology. 60:355-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01526.x
  • Kara H, Karatas F, Canatan H, Servi K. (2005). Effects of exogenous metallothionein on acute cadmium toxicity in rats. Biological trace element research. 104:223-32.
  • El-Sayed IH, Lotfy M, El-Khawaga O-AY, Nasif WA, El-Shahat M. (2006). Prominent free radicals scavenging activity of tannic acid in lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental mice. Toxicology and industrial health. 22:157-63. https://doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th256oa
  • Sutherland BA, Rahman RM, Appleton I. (2006). Mechanisms of action of green tea catechins, with a focus on ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 17:291-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.10.005
  • Lopes GK, Schulman HM, Hermes-Lima M. (1999). Polyphenol tannic acid inhibits hydroxyl radical formation from Fenton reaction by complexing ferrous ions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 1472:142-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00117-8
  • Wu L, Chu C, Chung J, Chen C-H, Hsu L-S, Liu J-K, et al. (2004). Effects of tannic acid and its related compounds on food mutagens or hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA strands breaks in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 556:75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.07.004
  • Jalil AMM, Ismail A, Pei CP, Hamid M, Kamaruddin SHS. (2008). Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 56:7877-84. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8015915
  • Noori S, Nasir K, Mahboob T. (2009). Effects of cocoa powder on oxidant/antioxidant status in liver, heart and kidney tissues of rats. J Anim Plant Sci. 19:174-8.
  • El-Sherbiny DA, Khalifa AE, Attia AS, Eldenshary EE-DS. (2003). Hypericum perforatum extract demonstrates antioxidant properties against elevated rat brain oxidative status induced by amnestic dose of scopolamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 76:525-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2003.09.014
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Conservation and Biodiversity
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İbrahim Uğur Çalış This is me

Ahu Soyocak

Aylin Dal This is me

Hülyam Kurt

Ertuğrul Çolak This is me

Publication Date December 15, 2019
Submission Date June 16, 2019
Acceptance Date December 15, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çalış, İ. U., Soyocak, A., Dal, A., Kurt, H., et al. (2019). İnsan eritrosit paketinde kadmiyum ile indüklenen oksidatif strese tannik asit, kakao ve sarı kantaron yağının antioksidatif etkileri. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(3), 1-6.
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❖ Web Address: http://www.biodicon.com; Türkçe: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/biodicon
❖ Biological Diversity and Conservation
❖ ISSN 1308-5301 Print; ISSN 1308-8084 Online
❖ Publication Start Date 2008
❖ © Copyright by Biological Diversity and Conservation/Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma;  Available online at www.biodicon.com. All rights reserved.
. ❖ Yayımcı : ERSİN YÜCEL (https://www.ersinyucel.com.tr)
❖ This Journal is published three times a year. It is printed in Eskişehir, Türkiye.
❖ The authors are solely responsible for the articles published in this Journal .
❖ Editör  : Prof.Dr. Ersin YÜCEL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-7578