Biyoçeşitliliğin azalması ve yeni çıkan zoonotik hastalıklar sorununa tek sağlık yaklaşımı

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 95 - 102, 15.12.2019

Rüştü Taştan Ayşe Ak Can

Abstract

Son yarım yüzyılda antropojenik faktörlerin sebep olduğu biyoçeşitliliğin azalması, ekosistem sağlığı sorununa dönüşmüştür. Biyoçeşitliliğin azalmasıyla birlikte ekolojik dengenin bozulması halk sağlığı yönünden de tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Ekolojik ve antropojenik faktörlerin neden olduğu zararlar Yeniçıkan Zoonotik Hastalıklar (YZH)’ı hazırlayan başlıca tetikleyicilerdir. Bu bağlamda, çoklu faktörlere bağlı olarak süregelen YZH’lar, insan hayvan ve çevre (İHÇ) sağlığı bakımından geçmişten daha tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşmışlardır. Artan oranda arazi kullanımı değişiklikleri, yoğunlaştırılmış tarım ve hayvancılık uygulamaları, küresel iklim değişiklileri, insanların gıda tüketim tercihlerindeki değişim, kırsaldan kentlere yoğun göçler, değişen ticaret ve turizm hareketliliğine bağlı ekolojik bozulmalar insan kaynaklı dinamikler olup, bunların hepsi sosyoekonomik tehditlere yol açmaktadırlar. Son yıllarda, hem biyoçeşitliliğin azalmasından kaynaklanan ekosistem ile ilgili sorunlar hem de insan hayvan çevre (İHÇ)-arayüzünde süregelen dinamik etkileşimler, geçmişten daha çok disiplinlerarası işbirliğini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Son 150 yıllık süreçte birikmiş Antroposen kalıntılarını ortadan kaldırmak, İHÇ–arayüzündeki sağlık sorunlarını çözüme kavuşturmak ve insanlığın sağlık ve gönencini sürdürülebilir kılmak kaçınılmazdır. Günümüzün birikmiş bu sorunları, “insanlar, hayvanlar ve çevremiz için en uygun sağlık elde etmek amacıyla yerel, ulusal, bölgesel ve küresel ölçekte çalışılan çoklu disiplinlerarası anlayış, ortak çaba ve düşünce sistemi” olarak tanımlanan ‘Tek Sağlık’ ile çözümlenebilir. Sonuç olarak, devingen özellikteki karmaşık sağlık sorunları ve tehditleri “ortak düşünce ile çözmek” için disiplinlerarası işbirliği öncelenmelidir. Bu yüzden, ‘Tek Sağlık’ yaklaşımı işlevselleştirilmeli, kurumsallaştırılmalı ve yaygınlaştırılmalıdır. Çünkü katlanarak büyüyen ekolojik, antropojenik felaketler mikrobiyal tehditleri artırmaktadır. Bu yüzden, 21. yüzyılda, insanlığın kaybedecek bir 50 yılı daha kalmamıştır.

One health approach to decreasing biodiversity and the problem of emerging zoonotic diseases

Abstract

In the last half century, decreasing biodiversity caused by anthropogenic factors turned into ecosystem health problem. With the decrease of biodiversity, the degradation of the ecological balance also poses a threat to public health. The damages caused by ecological and anthropogenic factors are the main triggers for the development of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (EZDs). In this context, persistent EZDs due to multiple factors have reached more dangerous levels in terms of human, animal and environmental health. Increasing land-use changes, intensified agriculture and animal husbandry practices, global climate changes, changes in people's food consumption preferences, intensive migration from rural to urban areas, ecological distortions due to changing trade and tourism mobility are all human-induced dynamics, all of which lead to socioeconomic threats. In recent years, both ecosystem related problems resulting from the decline of biodiversity and the dynamic interactions between human, animal and environment (HAE) have made interdisciplinary cooperation more important than in the past. It has become an inevitable necessity to eliminate the accumulated Anthropocene remains in the last 150 years, to solve the health problems at the HAE-interface and to make the health and well-being of humanity sustainable. These accumulated problems of today can be solved with ‘One Health’ which is defined as multi-interdisciplinary understanding, joint effort and thought system which is worked on local, national, regional and global-scale in order to obtain the optimum health for humans, animals and our environment. As a result, interdisciplinary cooperation should be prioritized to solve common problems of complex health problems and threats. Therefore, the ‘One Health’ approach should be functionalized, institutionalized and expanded. Because exponentially growing ecological, anthropogenic disasters increase microbial threats. Therefore, in the 21st century, humanity has no more than 50 years to lose.

Keywords

decreased biodiversity, emerging zoonotic diseases, one health, anthropogenic factors

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