Biyoçeşitliliğin azalması ve yeni çıkan zoonotik hastalıklar sorununa tek sağlık yaklaşımı

Abstract

Son yarım yüzyılda antropojenik faktörlerin sebep olduğu biyoçeşitliliğin azalması, ekosistem sağlığı sorununa dönüşmüştür. Biyoçeşitliliğin azalmasıyla birlikte ekolojik dengenin bozulması halk sağlığı yönünden de tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Ekolojik ve antropojenik faktörlerin neden olduğu zararlar Yeniçıkan Zoonotik Hastalıklar (YZH)’ı hazırlayan başlıca tetikleyicilerdir. Bu bağlamda, çoklu faktörlere bağlı olarak süregelen YZH’lar, insan hayvan ve çevre (İHÇ) sağlığı bakımından geçmişten daha tehlikeli boyutlara ulaşmışlardır. Artan oranda arazi kullanımı değişiklikleri, yoğunlaştırılmış tarım ve hayvancılık uygulamaları, küresel iklim değişiklileri, insanların gıda tüketim tercihlerindeki değişim, kırsaldan kentlere yoğun göçler, değişen ticaret ve turizm hareketliliğine bağlı ekolojik bozulmalar insan kaynaklı dinamikler olup, bunların hepsi sosyoekonomik tehditlere yol açmaktadırlar. Son yıllarda, hem biyoçeşitliliğin azalmasından kaynaklanan ekosistem ile ilgili sorunlar hem de insan hayvan çevre (İHÇ)-arayüzünde süregelen dinamik etkileşimler, geçmişten daha çok disiplinlerarası işbirliğini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Son 150 yıllık süreçte birikmiş Antroposen kalıntılarını ortadan kaldırmak, İHÇ–arayüzündeki sağlık sorunlarını çözüme kavuşturmak ve insanlığın sağlık ve gönencini sürdürülebilir kılmak kaçınılmazdır. Günümüzün birikmiş bu sorunları, “insanlar, hayvanlar ve çevremiz için en uygun sağlık elde etmek amacıyla yerel, ulusal, bölgesel ve küresel ölçekte çalışılan çoklu disiplinlerarası anlayış, ortak çaba ve düşünce sistemi” olarak tanımlanan ‘Tek Sağlık’ ile çözümlenebilir. Sonuç olarak, devingen özellikteki karmaşık sağlık sorunları ve tehditleri “ortak düşünce ile çözmek” için disiplinlerarası işbirliği öncelenmelidir. Bu yüzden, ‘Tek Sağlık’ yaklaşımı işlevselleştirilmeli, kurumsallaştırılmalı ve yaygınlaştırılmalıdır. Çünkü katlanarak büyüyen ekolojik, antropojenik felaketler mikrobiyal tehditleri artırmaktadır. Bu yüzden, 21. yüzyılda, insanlığın kaybedecek bir 50 yılı daha kalmamıştır.

One health approach to decreasing biodiversity and the problem of emerging zoonotic diseases

Abstract

In the last half century, decreasing biodiversity caused by anthropogenic factors turned into ecosystem health problem. With the decrease of biodiversity, the degradation of the ecological balance also poses a threat to public health. The damages caused by ecological and anthropogenic factors are the main triggers for the development of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases (EZDs). In this context, persistent EZDs due to multiple factors have reached more dangerous levels in terms of human, animal and environmental health. Increasing land-use changes, intensified agriculture and animal husbandry practices, global climate changes, changes in people's food consumption preferences, intensive migration from rural to urban areas, ecological distortions due to changing trade and tourism mobility are all human-induced dynamics, all of which lead to socioeconomic threats. In recent years, both ecosystem related problems resulting from the decline of biodiversity and the dynamic interactions between human, animal and environment (HAE) have made interdisciplinary cooperation more important than in the past. It has become an inevitable necessity to eliminate the accumulated Anthropocene remains in the last 150 years, to solve the health problems at the HAE-interface and to make the health and well-being of humanity sustainable. These accumulated problems of today can be solved with ‘One Health’ which is defined as multi-interdisciplinary understanding, joint effort and thought system which is worked on local, national, regional and global-scale in order to obtain the optimum health for humans, animals and our environment. As a result, interdisciplinary cooperation should be prioritized to solve common problems of complex health problems and threats. Therefore, the ‘One Health’ approach should be functionalized, institutionalized and expanded. Because exponentially growing ecological, anthropogenic disasters increase microbial threats. Therefore, in the 21st century, humanity has no more than 50 years to lose.

Keywords

• decreased biodiversity
• emerging zoonotic diseases
• one health
• anthropogenic factors

References

1. Stephens, C. & Renato, A. (2015). Focus on biodiversity, health and wellbeing, Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 120401. https://doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/120401.
2. Sandifer, P.A., Sutton-Grier, A.E. & Ward, B.P. (2015). Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation. Ecosystem Services 12: 1–15.
3. Mantler, A., Logan, A.C. (2015). Natural environments and mental health. Advances in Integrative Medicine (2), 5–12.
4. von Hertzen L., Beutler, B., Bienenstock, J., Blaser, M., Cani, P.D., Eriksson, J., ... M. de Vos W.(2015). Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health. Annals of Medicine, 47:3, 218-225.
5. Frumkin, H., Bratman, G.N., Breslow, S.J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P.H., Lawler, J.J., Levin,P.S.,...Wood, S.A. (2017). Nature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda. Environ Health Perspect. 125(7): 075001.
6. Aerts, R., Honnay, O., Nieuwenhuyse, A.V. (2018). Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. British Medical Bulletin,127:5–22 doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy021.
7. Speldewinde, P.C., Cook, A., Davies, P., Weinstein, P. (2009). A relationship between environmental degradation and mental health inrural Western Australia. Health & Place, 15, 880–887.
8. Triguero-Mas, M., Donaire- Gonzalez, D., Seto, E., Valnetin, A., Martinez, D., Smith, G., Hurst, G., Carrasco- Turigas, G. (2017). Natural outdoor environments and mental health: Stress as a possible mechanism. Environmental Research 159, 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.048.

9. Cryan, J.F., Dinan, T.G. (2012). Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behavior. Nat Rev Neurosci., 13: 701–12.
10. Engemann, K., Pedersen, C.B., Arge, L., (2018). Childhood exposure to green space – a novel risk-decreasing mechanism for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res., doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.026
11. Lee, J., Park, B-J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kagawa, T., Miyazaki, Y. (2009). Restorative effects of viewing real forest landscapes, based on a comparison with urban landscapes. Journal Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 227-234.
12. Mao, G., Wang, Y.C.B, Wang, S., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Xing, W., Ren, X., Lv, X., …Yan, J., ( 2017). The Salutary Influence of Forest Bathing on Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health , 14, 368; doi:10.3390/ijerph14040368.
13. Kau, A., Ahern, P,. Griffin, N., Goodman, A., Gordon, J. (2011). Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature, 474: 327–36.
14. Müller, G., Harhoff, R., Rahe C., (2018). Inner-city green space and its association with body mass index and prevalent type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in an urban German city. BMJ Open, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019062.
15. Wen, L., Ley, R.E., Volchov, P.Y., Stranges, P.B., Avanesyan, L., Stonebraker, A.C., Hu, C., Wong, S., Szot, G.L., Bluestone, J.A., Gordon, J.I., Chervonsky, A.V. (2008). Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Nature, 455: 1109-1113.
16. Bodansky, H.J., Staines, A., Stephenson, C., Haigh, D., Cartwright, R. (1992). Evidence for an environmental effect in the aetiology of insulin dependent diabetes in a transmigratory population. BMJ, 304: 1020-1022.
17. Barton, J., Pretty, J., (2010). What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, (10): 3947-3955. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903183r.
18. Li, Q., Morimoto, K., Kobayashi, M., Inagaki, H., Katsumata, M., Hirata, Y. (2008). Visiting a forest, but not a city, increases human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol., 21(1):117–27.
19. Ege, M.J., Mayer, M., Normand, A-C., Genuneit, J., Cookson, W.O.C.M., Braun-Fahrländer, C., Heederik, D., Piarroux, R., von Mutius, E. (2011). Exposure to Environmental Microorganisms and Childhood Asthma. N Engl J Med., 364:701-709, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007302.
20. Civitello, D.J., Cohen, J., Fatima, H., Halstead, N.T., Liriano, J., McMahon, T.A., Ortega, C.N., Sauer, E.J., Sehgal, T., Young, S., Rohr, J.R. (2015). Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect. PNAS, 112, (28):8667-8671. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506279112.
21. McCallum, H.I. (2015). Lose biodiversity, gain disease. PNAS, 112, (28):8523-8524. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151060711.
22. Kilpatrick, A.M. (2017). Lyme disease ecology in a changing world: consensus, uncertainty and critical gaps for improving control. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160117. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0117.
23. Young, H.S., McCauley, D.J., Dirzo, R., Nunn, C.L., Campana, M.G., Agwanda, B., Otarola-Castillo,..., Helgen, K.M., (2017). Interacting effects of land use and climate on rodent-borne pathogens in central Kenya. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160116. (doi:10. 1098/rstb.2016.0116).
24. Ray, H., Jakubec, S.L. (2014). Nature-based experiences and health of cancer survivors. Complement Ther Clin Prac., 20(4):188-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2014.07.005.
25. Lloret, J. (2010). Human health benefits supplied by Mediterranean marine biodiversity. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60: 1640-1646.
26. Butkus, M., (2015). All Health is Local: Biodiversity, Ethics, and Human Health. Journal Ethics, Policy and Environment, 18: 1-15.doi: 10.1080/21550085.2015.1016969.
27. World Health Organization. (2004). Report of the WHO/FAO/OIE joint consultation on emerging zoonotic diseases / in collaboration with the Health Council of the Netherlands. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/68899
28. Romanelli, C., Cooper, H.D. & de Souza Dias, B.F. (2014). The integration of biodiversity into One Health. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 33(2), 487-496.
29. Johnson, C.N., Balmford, A., Barry W. Brook, B.W. (2017). Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene. Science 356, 270–275.
30. Aguirre, A.A., (2017). Changing Patterns of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans Linked to Biodiversity Loss and Globalization. ILAR Journal, 1-4. doi: 10.1093/ilar/ilx035
31. Paules, C.I., Eisinger, R.W., Marston, H.D. & Fauci, A.S. (2017). What Recent History Has Taught Us About Responding to Emerging Infectious Disease Threats. Ann Intern Med. 167: 805-811. doi:10.7326/M17-2496
32. Morand, S., Owers, K. & Bordes, F. (2014). Biodiversity and Emerging Zoonoses. In. A. Yamada, L.H. Kahn, B. Kaplan, T.P. Monath, J. Woodall and L. Conti (eds.), Confronting Emerging Zoonoses: The One Health Paradigm. p. 27-41. Springer.
33. Kilpatrick, A.M. & Randolph, S.E.(2012). Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet,380(9857):1946–1955. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61151-9.
34. Jánová, E.(2019). Emerging and threatening vector-borne zoonoses in the world and in Europe: a brief update. Pathogens and Global Health, 113:2, 49-57.
35. Figuié, M. (2018). Collective action in response to emerging zoonotic diseases. In. S. Morand and M. Figuié(eds), Emergence of infectious diseases, Risks and issues for societies p.75-97, Matière.
36. ECDC (The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control),(2019). West Nile virus in Europe in 2019 - infections among humans and outbreaks among equids and/or birds, updated 29 Nov 2019. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/west-nile-virus-europe-2019-infections-among-humans-and-outbreaks-among-equids-7
37. Karesh, W.B., Dobson, A., Lloyd-Smith, J.O. et al., (2012). Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet. 380(9857):1936-45.
38. Ala’a, A.K. & Albattat, A. (2019). Current Issue in Tourism: Disease Transmission as a Potential Risk for Travellers. Rev Integr Business and Economics Research, 8, Supl 4, 103-11.
39. Morse, S.S., Mazet, J.A.K., Woolhouse, M. et al.(2012). Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis. Lancet, 380(9857):1956-65. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5.
40. Taştan, R., (2018). Yeniçıkan Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Turizm Ekonomisine Etkileri. İçinde. Karacan, S. (ed.) Turizm Okumaları-2 s.163-196, Umuttepe Yayınları.
41. Bird, B.H & Jonna A.K. Mazet, J.A.K. (2018). Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 6:121–39.
42. İnci A, Doğanay M, Özdarendeli A, Düzlü Ö, Yıldırım A. (2018). Overview of Zoonotic Diseases in Turkey: The One Health Concept and Future Threats. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 42:39-80.
43. King L.J. (2013). Combating the triple threat: the need for a One Health approach. Microbiol Spectrum 1(1):OH-0012-2012.doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0012-2012. http://www.asmscience.org/content/journal/microbiolspec/10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0012-2012
44. AVMA (American Veterinary Medical Association), (2008). One Health- a New Professional Imperative. June 15, 2008, Final Report. https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Reports/Documents/onehealth_final.pdf
45. Togami, E., Gardy, J.L., Hansen, G.R., Poste, G.H., Rizzo, D.M., Wilson, M.E. & Mazet, J.A.K. (2018). Core Competencies in One Health Education: What Are We Missing? https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Core-Competencies-in-One-Health-Education-final.pdf
46. Atlas, R.M, Maloy S. (2014). The future of One Health. Microbiol Spectrum. 2(1):OH-0018-2012. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.OH-0018-2012.
47. Taştan, R. (2019). Zoonotik Tehditlerden İklimsel Afetlere Tek Sağlık Yaklaşımı Konferansı. 7 Kasım 2019, KOÜ Kocaeli Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, Umuttepe. http://kshmyo.kocaeli.edu.tr/upload/etkinlikler/20-092019_11.23:07_200919071357d9cda.jpg
48. Taştan, R., Karadenizli, A. & Ak Can, A. (2019, November). Antimicrobial Resistance Problem at the Human Animal Environment Interface and One Health Approach. Paper presented at the International Marmara Sciences and Social Sciences Congress, Kocaeli, Natural and Applied Sciences Proceedings E-Book, p. 1263-1274. http://imascon.com/dosyalar/imascon2019guz/imascon_fen_bildiriler_guz_2019.pdf
49. Mor, S.M., Wiethoelter, A.K., Massey, P., & Eastwood, K. (2019). One Health surveillance: monitoring health risks at the human–animal–environment interface. In. Walton, M. (ed.) One Planet, One Health. (pp. 179-218). Sidney University Press.
50. Çakmak, M.H. & Aytaç, Z. (2018). Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Mamak District (Ankara/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11/2:123-13.
51. Yılmaz, O,. Oymak, S. & Serpen, A. (ed), (2018). Zoonozlarla Mücadelede Veteriner Halk Sağlığı ve Tek Sağlık. TVHB İzmir Veteriner Hekimler Odası, Veteriner Halk Sağlığı Çalışma Grubu Yayını (pp. 1-64), Yayın No: 2018/1.