Research Article
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Metagenomic characterization of the bacterial microbiota in domestic cat (Felis catus) saliva

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 389 - 394
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1627700

Abstract

Purpose: Felis catus is a domestic animal that interacts with people frequently, both directly and indirectly. These interactions ultimately result in changes to each organism's microbiome. Studying the microbiota of organisms which are in contact with humans enables new data on potential health risks and provides new understanding for microbial changes and compositions. This study aimed to enabled a detailed profile of the cat oral microbiota, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of animal microbiomes and their potential impact on human health, particularly in the context of zoonoses and bacterial infections.
Method: In this study, metagenomic analysis was used to understand Felis catus saliva’s bacterial composition at various taxonomic levels. The saliva sample was sequenced and the V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was targeted for this analysis.
Findings: At the phylum level, Bacterioidota (38%), Pseudomonadota (21%), Fusobacteriota (19%), Bacillota (11%), Spirochaetota (5%), and Mycoplasmatota (3%) and at the genus level Porphyromonas (30%), Fusobacterium (14%), Treponema (5%), Peptostreptococcus (5%), Campylobacter (5%) and Oceanivirga (4%) were dominant.
Conclusion: This study provides a foundation for future research on microbial transmission between animals and humans. In the further studies, modern sequencing techniques can be used to better understand the links between bacterial communities in domestic animals and their potential impact on human health.

Ethical Statement

Acknowledgement: This study was funded by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program, 2023/1 (Project No: 1919B012311288). The authors would like to thank TÜBİTAK for organizing support programs. Conflicts of interest: There is no conflict of interest. Funding: This study was funded by the TÜBİTAK. Ethical statement: This study does not require ethical approval. Author contributions: Under the supervision of Teoman KANKILIÇ, Ceyda Berceste KARABULUT carried out the research work packages and wrote the article as specified in the TÜBİTAK project, and İlkay CİVELEK contributed to the translation and discussion part of the article, thus all authors contributed to the work.

Supporting Institution

This work was funded by the TÜBİTAK 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program, 2023/1 (Project No: 1919B012311288).

Project Number

2023/1 (Project No: 1919B012311288).

References

  • [1] Küllük, E. & Dalgın, D. (2021). Veteriner Sahada Güncel Mikrobiyota Kavramı. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 32(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.674349
  • [2] Uygun, A. (2017). “Fekal Mikrobiyota Transplantasyonu.”, J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res., 1 (Special issue), 132-140.
  • [3] Suchodolski, J. S. (2011). “Companion animals symposium: microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats.” J Anim Sci., 89, 1520–1530.
  • [4] Song, S.J., Lauber, C., Costello, E.K., Lozupone. C.A., Humphrey. G., Berg-Lyons, D., Caporaso, J.G., Knights, D., Clemente, J.C., Nakielny, S., Gordon, J.I., Fierer, N. & Knight, R. (2013). Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs. Elife, 16(2), e00458.. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00458
  • [5] Taştan, R., & Ak Can, A. (2019). One health approach to decreasing biodiversity and the problem of emerging zoonotic diseases. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(3), 95-102. 10.5505/biodicon.2019.52824
  • [6] Açıkgöz, S., & Göl, İ. (2023). Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Perspektifinden Zoonozlarla Bulaşan Hastalıklar. STED, 32(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1192443
  • [7] Ozen, D., Gürcan, S. & Kaya, U. (2014). Ankara ilinde yer alan sahipli kedi ve köpek populasyonunun belirlenmesi. Vet Hekim Der Derg., 85(1), 9-16.
  • [8] Sturgeon, A., Pinder, S. L., Costa, M. C. & Weese, J. S. (2014). Characterization of the oral microbiota of healthy cats using next-generation sequencing. The Veterinary Journal, 201(2), 223–229. 0.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.024
  • [9] Vurucu, S., Alkan, S., Akça, A., Önder, T., Yüksel, C. & Güçlü-Kayta, S. B. (2022). Kedi Isırığı Sonrası Yumuşak Doku Enfeksiyonu. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 5(2), 286-288. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1036823
  • [10] Babovic, N., Çaycı, C. & Carlsen, B. T. (2014). Cat bite infections of the hand: assessment of morbidity and predictors of severe infection. J Hand Surg Am., 39(2), 286-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.11.003
  • [11] Pekmezci, G. & Pekmezci, G. Z. (2016). Toksoplazmozis Kedilerde Davranışsal Değişikliklere Neden Olabilir mi?.Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg., 27 (2), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.515974
  • [12] Krumbeck, J. A., Reiter, A. M., Pohl, J. C., Tang, S., Kim, Y. J., Linde, A., Prem, A., & Melgarejo, T. (2021). Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 10(7), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070904
  • [13] Bukin, Y., Galachyants, Y., Morozov, I., Bukin S. V., Zakharenko A. S. & Zemskaya T. I. (2019). The effect of 16S rRNA region choice on bacterial community metabarcoding results. Sci Data 6, 190007. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.7
  • [14] Klindworth, A., Pruesse, E., Schweer, T., Peplles, J. & Quast, C. (2013). Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Researches, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks808
  • [15] Adler, C. J., Malik, R., Browne, G. V. & Norris, J. M. (2016). Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. Microbiome, 4, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0169-y
  • [16] Harris, S., Croft, J., O’Flynn, C., Deusch, O., Colyer, A., Allsopp, J., Milella, L. & Davis, I. J. (2015). A pyrosequencing investigation of differences in the feline subgingival microbiota in health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis. PLoS One, 10(11), e0136986. 10.1371/journal.pone.0136986
  • [17] Thomas, S., Lappin, D. F., Nile, C. J., Spears, J., Bennett, D., Brandt, B. W. & Riggio, M. P. (2021). Microbiome analysis of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 70(4), 001353. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001353
  • [18] Mei, S., Cai, M., Lei, F., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Lin, Y. & Zhu, B. (2024). Revealing microbial community characteristics in healthy human, cat and canine salivas and looking for species-specific microbes. Int Journal of Legal Med., 138(6):2259-2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-024-03277-1

Evcil kedi (Felis catus) salivasının bakteriyal mikrobiyotasının metagenomik karakterizasyonu

Year 2025, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 389 - 394
https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1627700

Abstract

Amaç: Felis catus insanlar ile doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak sıklıkla etkileşime giren bir evcil hayvandır. Bu etkileşimlerin sonucunda her organizmanın mikrobiyomunda değişiklikler meydana gelmektedir. İnsanlarla temas halinde olan organizmaların mikrobiyotasının incelenmesi potansiyel sağlık riskleri hakkında yeni veriler; mikrobiyal değişiklikler ve kompozisyonlar hakkında yeni anlayışlar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kedi oral mikrobiyotasının ayrıntılı bir profilini elde edilmesini sağlayarak hayvan mikrobiyomlarının ve bunların özellikle zoonoz ve bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar bağlamında insan sağlığı üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerinin daha kapsamlı anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmaktır.
Metod: Bu çalışmada, Felis catus salivasının çeşitli taksonomik düzeylerdeki bakteriyel bileşimini anlamak için metagenom analizi kullanılmıştır. Saliva örneğinin sekanslanması ve analizi için bakteriyel 16S rRNA geninin V3-V4 bölgesi hedeflenmiştir.
Bulgular: Filum seviyesinde baskın olarak Bacterioidota (%38), Pseudomonadota (%21), Fusobacteriota (%19), Bacillota (%11), Spirochaetota (%5) ve Mycoplasmatota (%3); cins seviyesinde ise Porphyromonas (%30), Fusobacterium (%14), Treponema (%5), Peptostreptococcus (%5), Campylobacter (%5) ve Oceanivirga (%4) tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, hayvanlar ile insanlar arasındaki mikrobiyal bulaşmaya ilişkin gelecekteki araştırmalar için bir temel sağlamaktadır. Modern dizileme teknikleri, ilerleyen çalışmalarda evcil hayvanlardaki bakteri toplulukları arasındaki bağlantıları ve bunların insan sağlığı üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerini daha iyi anlamak için kullanılabilir.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı, 2023/1 (Proje No: 1919B012311288) kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

2023/1 (Project No: 1919B012311288).

References

  • [1] Küllük, E. & Dalgın, D. (2021). Veteriner Sahada Güncel Mikrobiyota Kavramı. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 32(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.674349
  • [2] Uygun, A. (2017). “Fekal Mikrobiyota Transplantasyonu.”, J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res., 1 (Special issue), 132-140.
  • [3] Suchodolski, J. S. (2011). “Companion animals symposium: microbes and gastrointestinal health of dogs and cats.” J Anim Sci., 89, 1520–1530.
  • [4] Song, S.J., Lauber, C., Costello, E.K., Lozupone. C.A., Humphrey. G., Berg-Lyons, D., Caporaso, J.G., Knights, D., Clemente, J.C., Nakielny, S., Gordon, J.I., Fierer, N. & Knight, R. (2013). Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs. Elife, 16(2), e00458.. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00458
  • [5] Taştan, R., & Ak Can, A. (2019). One health approach to decreasing biodiversity and the problem of emerging zoonotic diseases. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 12(3), 95-102. 10.5505/biodicon.2019.52824
  • [6] Açıkgöz, S., & Göl, İ. (2023). Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği Perspektifinden Zoonozlarla Bulaşan Hastalıklar. STED, 32(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1192443
  • [7] Ozen, D., Gürcan, S. & Kaya, U. (2014). Ankara ilinde yer alan sahipli kedi ve köpek populasyonunun belirlenmesi. Vet Hekim Der Derg., 85(1), 9-16.
  • [8] Sturgeon, A., Pinder, S. L., Costa, M. C. & Weese, J. S. (2014). Characterization of the oral microbiota of healthy cats using next-generation sequencing. The Veterinary Journal, 201(2), 223–229. 0.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.024
  • [9] Vurucu, S., Alkan, S., Akça, A., Önder, T., Yüksel, C. & Güçlü-Kayta, S. B. (2022). Kedi Isırığı Sonrası Yumuşak Doku Enfeksiyonu. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 5(2), 286-288. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1036823
  • [10] Babovic, N., Çaycı, C. & Carlsen, B. T. (2014). Cat bite infections of the hand: assessment of morbidity and predictors of severe infection. J Hand Surg Am., 39(2), 286-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.11.003
  • [11] Pekmezci, G. & Pekmezci, G. Z. (2016). Toksoplazmozis Kedilerde Davranışsal Değişikliklere Neden Olabilir mi?.Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg., 27 (2), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.35864/evmd.515974
  • [12] Krumbeck, J. A., Reiter, A. M., Pohl, J. C., Tang, S., Kim, Y. J., Linde, A., Prem, A., & Melgarejo, T. (2021). Characterization of Oral Microbiota in Cats: Novel Insights on the Potential Role of Fungi in Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 10(7), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070904
  • [13] Bukin, Y., Galachyants, Y., Morozov, I., Bukin S. V., Zakharenko A. S. & Zemskaya T. I. (2019). The effect of 16S rRNA region choice on bacterial community metabarcoding results. Sci Data 6, 190007. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2019.7
  • [14] Klindworth, A., Pruesse, E., Schweer, T., Peplles, J. & Quast, C. (2013). Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Researches, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks808
  • [15] Adler, C. J., Malik, R., Browne, G. V. & Norris, J. M. (2016). Diet may influence the oral microbiome composition in cats. Microbiome, 4, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-016-0169-y
  • [16] Harris, S., Croft, J., O’Flynn, C., Deusch, O., Colyer, A., Allsopp, J., Milella, L. & Davis, I. J. (2015). A pyrosequencing investigation of differences in the feline subgingival microbiota in health, gingivitis and mild periodontitis. PLoS One, 10(11), e0136986. 10.1371/journal.pone.0136986
  • [17] Thomas, S., Lappin, D. F., Nile, C. J., Spears, J., Bennett, D., Brandt, B. W. & Riggio, M. P. (2021). Microbiome analysis of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) and feline oral health. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 70(4), 001353. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001353
  • [18] Mei, S., Cai, M., Lei, F., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Lin, Y. & Zhu, B. (2024). Revealing microbial community characteristics in healthy human, cat and canine salivas and looking for species-specific microbes. Int Journal of Legal Med., 138(6):2259-2269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-024-03277-1
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Genetics (Other), Microbiology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ceyda Berceste Karabulut 0009-0007-1686-2501

Teoman Kankılıç 0000-0002-9576-5887

İlkay Civelek 0000-0002-8241-1596

Project Number 2023/1 (Project No: 1919B012311288).
Early Pub Date September 25, 2025
Publication Date October 6, 2025
Submission Date January 27, 2025
Acceptance Date June 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Karabulut, C. B., Kankılıç, T., & Civelek, İ. (2025). Metagenomic characterization of the bacterial microbiota in domestic cat (Felis catus) saliva. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 18(3), 389-394. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2025.1627700

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