Juglans regia kernel meal; a prospective nutraceutical feed supplement

Abstract

This study aims to characterize the proximate composition, antioxidant activity, phytochemical profile, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Juglans regia kernel meal (JKM). The examination of the proximate composition reveals that JKM contains moisture (7.74%), ash (4.46%), crude fat (31.26%), crude fiber (8.41%), crude protein (8.99%) and nitrogen-free extract (39.14%). The analysis of JKM for antioxidant properties shows lipid peroxidation inhibition (63.78%), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (103.44 mg/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (57.91%), and vitamin C (152.87 mg/g). The phytochemical compositional analysis shows that JKM has alkaloids (12.08 %), saponins (43.49 mg/g), steroids (4.84 mg/g), flavonoids (14.74 mg/g), tannins (1.69 mg/g) and phenol (35.93 mg/g). The JKM also demonstrated alpha-amylase inhibition and alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities of 61.06% and 67.76%, respectively; while 62.71% and 79.17% were reported for the albumin denaturation inhibition and antiproteinase activity of JKM, respectively. JKM dietary supplementation may enhance the animals' welfare. It is advised to employ it in an animal model, though.

Keywords

• Botanicals
• Feed supplements
• Nutraceuticals
• Phytobiotics
• Walnuts

References

1. Adeniyi, S. A., Orjiekwe, C. L., & Ehiagbonare, J. E. (2009). Determination of alkaloids and oxalates in some selected food samples in Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1),110-112.
2. Adeyeye, S. A., Oloruntola, O. D., Ayodele, S. O., Falowo, A. B., & Agbede, J. O. (2020). Wild sunflower and goat weed composite-mix supplementation in broiler chicken: effects on performance, health status and meat. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 23(4), 205-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.205-212
3. Agbafor, K. N., & Nwachukwu, N. (2011). Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Property of Leaf Extracts of Vitex doniana and Mucuna pruriens, Biochemistry Research International, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/459839
4. Aiyeloja, A. A. & Bello, O. A. (2006). Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu State, Educational Research and Review, 1(1), 16–22. http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR
5. Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S. S., Farag, M. R., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Barkat, R. A., Gabr, A. A., Foda, M. A., Noreldin, A. E., Khafaga, A. F., El-Sabrout, K., Elwan, H. A. M., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M. I, Michalak I, Cerbo A. D., & Dhama, K. (2021). Potential role of important nutraceuticals in poultry performance and health - A comprehensive review, Research in Veterinary Science, 137(2021), 9-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.009
6. Anwar. S., Almatroudi, A., Allemailem, K. S., Joseph, R. J., Khan, A. A., & Rahmani, A. H. (2020). protective effects of ginger extract against glycation and oxidative stress-induced health complications: an in vitro study. Processes, 8, 448-468. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8040468
7. AOAC. (2010). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Offical Analytical Chemists. 18th Edition, Washington DC.
8. Aryapak, S., & Ziarati, P. (2014). Nutritive value of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) Orchards. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 14(11), 1228-1235. https://doi.org/ 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.11.12438

9. Bajpai, V. K., Park Y., & Agrawal, P. (2015). Studies on phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of a medicinal plants, Coleus forskohlii. Frontiers in Life Science, 8(2), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2014.998777
10. Benderitter, M., Maupoli, V., Vergely, C., Dalloz, F., Briot, F., & Rochette, L. (1998). Studies by electron paramagnetic resonance of the importance of iron in the hydroxyl scavenging properties of ascorbic acid in plasma: Effects of iron chelators. Fundamental Clinical Pharmacology, 12(5),510-516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1998.tb00979.x
11. Benzie, I. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as measurement of “antioxidant power” The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
12. Biswas, A., Dey, S., Li, D., Yiu, L., Zhang, J., Huang, S., Pan, G., & Deng, Y. (2020). Comparison of Phytochemical Profile, Mineral Content, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius Leaf Extracts from Different Populations. Journal of Food Quality, 2020, 2020(9). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2931097
13. Boulfia, M., Lamchouri, F., & Toufik, H. (2021). Mineral analysis, in vitro evaluation of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and beta-galactosidase inhibition, and antibacterial activities of Juglans regia L. bark extracts, BioMed Research International, 2021,1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1585692
14. Dej-adisai, S., & Pitakbut, T. (2015). Determination of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity from selected Fabaceae plants. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacological Science, 28(5), 1679-1683. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408887
15. Derosa, G., & Maffioli, P. (2012). α-Glucosidase inhibitors and their use in clinical practice. Archives of Medical Science, 8(5), 899-906. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2012.31621
16. Gong, L., Feng, D., Wang, T., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, J. (2020). Inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase: Potential linkage for whole cereal foods on prevention of hyperglycemia. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(12),6320-6337. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1987
17. Gulati, O. P., Ottaway, P. B., & Coppens, P. (2014). Chapter 14 - Botanical Nutraceuticals, (Food Supplements, Fortified and Functional Foods) in the European Union with Main Focus on Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation, Editor(s): Debasis Bagchi, In Food Science and Technology, Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World (Second Edition), Academic Press, Pp. 221-256, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405870-5.00014-1
18. Gupta, R. C. (2016). Nutraceuticals: efficacy, safety and toxicity. In: Gupta RC (ed) Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01870-9
19. He, J., Wu, Z. Y., Zhang, S., Zhou, Y., Zhao, F., Peng, Z. Q., Hu, Z. W. (2014). Optimisation of microwave‐assisted extraction of tea saponin and its application on cleaning of historic silks. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 17(5), 919-928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-013-1523-8
20. Iqbal, S., & Bhanger, M. (2006). Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 544–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001
21. Janick, J. & Paul, R. E. (2008). The encyclopedia of fruits and nuts, Cab International England, Oxfordshire. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851996387.0000
22. Kabiri, G., Bouda, S., Elhansali, M., & Haddioui, A. (2019). Biochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of walnut kernel (Juglans regia L.) of accessions from Middle and High Atlas in Morocco. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 41, e46411. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.46411
23. Khattak, K. F., & Rahman, T. R. (2015). Effect of geographical distributions on the nutrient composition, phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Morus nigra. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 28(5), 1671-1678.
24. Kiskini, A., Vissers, A., Vincken, J. P., Gruppen, H., & Wierenga, P. A. (2016). Effect of Plant Age on the Quantity and Quality of Proteins Extracted from Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(44), 8305-8314. https://doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03095
25. Kumar, S., Narwal, S., Kumar, V., & Prakash, O. (2011). α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A natural approach to treat diabetes. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 5(9),19-29. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.79096
26. Lim, Y. Y., Lim, T. T, & Tee, J. J. (2007). Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: A comparative study, Food Chemistry, 103(3), 1003-1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.038
27. Macakova, K., Afonso, R., Saso, L. & Mladenka, P. (2019). The influence of alkaloids on oxidative stress and related signaling pathways. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 134,429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.026
28. Madhu, M., Sailaja, V., Satyadev, T. N. V. S. S., & Satyanarayana, M. V. (2016). Quantitative phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plant species by using various organic solvent. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(2), 25-29. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue2/PartA/5-1-31.pdf
29. Martinez, M. L., & Maestri, D. (2008). Oil chemical variation in walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Argentina. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110, 1183–1189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200800121
30. Mo, R., Zheng, Y., Ni, Z., Shen, D & Liu, Y. (2022). The phytochemical components of walnuts and their application for geographical origin based on chemical markers. Food Quality and Safety. 6(1), fyac052, https://doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyac052
31. Niki, E., & Noguchi, N. (2000). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity. What capacity is being measured by which method? IUBMB Life, 50(2000), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/713803736
32. Niki, E., Yoshida, Y., Saito, Y., & Noguchi, N. (2005). Lipid peroxidation: Mechanisms, inhibition, and biological effects. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 338(1), 668-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.072
33. Nwachoko, N. & Jack, I. R. (2015). ‘Phytochemical screening and anti-diarrhea activities of Tetracarpidium conophorum induced in albino rats’, Sky Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(4), 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2022.v6.i2b.139
34. Nwauzoma, A. B., & Dappa, M. S. (2013). ‘Ethnobotanicals studies of Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria’, ISRN Botany 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/829424
35. Oloruntola, O. D. (2021). Proximate, phytochemical, mineral composition and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. leaf powder. DYSONA - Life Science, 2 (2021),39-49. https://doi.org/10.30493/DLS.2021.290718
36. Oloruntola, O. D., & Ayodele, S. O. (2022). Phytochemical, proximate and mineral composition, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties evaluation and comparison of mistletoe leaves from moringa and kolanut trees. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 10(8), 1524-1531. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i8.1524-1531.5134
37. Osman, N. I. Sidik, N. J., Awal, A., Adam, N. A. & Rezali, N. I. (2016). In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 5(4), 343-349. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160731025522
38. Osowe, C. O., Olowu O. P. A., Adu O. A., Oloruntola O. D., & Chineke C. A. (2021). Proximate and mineral composition, phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant activity of fig trees (Ficus spp.) leaf powder. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 9(1): 19-29.
39. Osum, F. I., Okonkwo, T. M., & Okafor, G. I. (2013). Effect of processing methods on the chemical composition of Vitex doniana leaf and leaf products. Food Science and Nutrition, 1(3), 241-245. https://doi: 10.1002/fsn3.31
40. Otles, S., & Yalcin, B. (2012). Phenolic compounds analysis of root, stalk, and leaves of nettle. Scientific World Journal, 2012, 564367. https://doi:10.1100/2012/564367
41. Ozkan, G., & Koyuncu, M. A. (2005). Physical and chemical composition of some walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Turkey. Grasas Aceites, 56, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.2005.v56.i2.122
42. Rajesh, A., Dossa, A., Tresina, P. S., Mohan, V. R. (2019). Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Niebuhria apetala (Roth) Dunn – in vitro models. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(5), 278-281. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i5.32512
43. Ruiz-Ruiz, J. C., Matus-Basto, A. J., Acereto-Escoffié, P. & Segura-Campos, M. R. (2017) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic compounds isolated from Melipona beecheii honey. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 28:6, 1424-1437. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09540105.2017.1347148
44. Savage, G. P. (2001). Chemical composition of walnut (Juglans regis L) grown in New Zealand. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2001, 56, 75–82. https://doi: 10.1023/a:1008175606698
45. Sharma, K., Kumar, V., Kaur, J., Tanwar, B., Goyal, A., Sharma, R., Gat, S., & Kumar, A. (2019). Health effects, sources, utilisation and safety of tannins: a critical review. Toxin Reviews, 40(4), 432-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2019.1662813
46. Sun, J., Chu, Y. F., Wu, X. Z., & Liu, R. H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50,7449–7454. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/jf0207530
47. Surana, A. R., Kumbhare, M. R., & Wagh, R. D. (2016). Estimation of total phenolic and total flavonoid content and assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of Hamelia patens Jacq. stems. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 10(2), 67-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2016.67.74
48. Wickramaratne, M. N., Punchihewa, J. C., & Wickramaratne, D. B. (2016). In-vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of the leaf extracts of Adenanthera pavonina. BMC Complementary Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 466. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1452-y
49. Xu, P. & Yu, B. (2021). Chapter One - Chemical synthesis of saponins: An update, Editor(s): David C. Baker, Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academic Press. 79:1-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.accb.2021.11.001
50. Yin, T., Cai, L., Xing, Y., Yu, J., Li, X., Mei, R., & Ding, Z. (2016). Alkaloids with antioxidant activities from Aconitum handelianum. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 18(6):603-610. http://doi.org/ 10.1080/10286020.2015.1114473