The antioxidant and cytotoxicity capabilities of the total methanol leaf extract of Camellia yokdonensis

Abstract

Camellia yokdonensis was first described in 2006 and clarified as a Vietnamese endemic Camellia. Camellia species are often associated with strong biological activity and have high application potential. However, there is currently no research on the biological activity of C. yokdonensis. The experiment was performed using DPPH assay and PFRAP assay to investigate the antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract. Besides, a 72-hour cytotoxic assay experiment on cancer cells showed the toxicity of the extract. The results showed that C. yokdonensis leaf extract has the ability to reduce iron ions and scavenge DPPH free radicals with an EC50 of 19.37 ± 1.66 µg/mL. Anticancer activity was determined by IC50 values (µg/mL) on HCC-J5, A549, MCF-7, and K562 cells as 138.00 ± 11.60, 172.90 ± 22.31, 175.52 ± 16.70, and 48.82 ±12.59, respectively.

Keywords

• Antioxidant
• C. yokdonensis
• cytotoxicity
• leukaemia
• lung cancer

References

1. Aboulwafa, M. M., Youssef, F. S., Gad, H. A., Altyar, A. E., Al-Azizi, M. M., & Ashour, M. L. (2019). A Comprehensive Insight on the Health Benefits and Phytoconstituents of Camellia sinensis and Recent Approaches for Its Quality Control. Antioxidants (Basel), 8(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100455
2. An, N., Chau, D., Thi Huong, L., Khoa, V., Hung, N., Do, T., Trang, V., Dai, D., & Setzer, W. (2023). Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Camellia Species Growing Wild in Vietnam. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 19, 097312962311584. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731296231158437
3. Bakhriansyah, M., Sulaiman, S. N., & Fauzia, R. (2022). The effect of Camellia sinensis tea on a decreased risk of anxiety for medical students at Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 17, 101114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101114
4. Besra, S. E., Gomes, A., Ganguly, D. K., & Vedasiromoni, J. R. (2003). Antidiarrhoeal activity of hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Phytotherapy Research, 17(4), 380-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1171
5. Boehm, K., Borrelli, F., Ernst, E., Habacher, G., Hung, S. K., Milazzo, S., & Horneber, M. (2009). Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(3), Cd005004. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub2
6. Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
7. Chattopadhyay, P., Besra, S. E., Gomes, A., Das, M., Sur, P., Mitra, S., & Vedasiromoni, J. R. (2004). Anti-inflammatory activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) root extract. Life Sciences, 74(15), 1839-1849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.07.053
8. Chaudhary, P., Mitra, D., Das Mohapatra, P. K., Oana Docea, A., Mon Myo, E., Janmeda, P., Martorell, M., Iriti, M., Ibrayeva, M., Sharifi-Rad, J., Santini, A., Romano, R., Calina, D., & Cho, W. C. (2023).

9. Camellia sinensis: Insights on its molecular mechanisms of action towards nutraceutical, anticancer potential and other therapeutic applications. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16(5), 104680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104680
10. Chen, J., Yang, J., Ma, L., Li, J., Shahzad, N., & Kim, C. K. (2020). Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2611. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59451-z
11. Chen, L., Chen, J., & Xu, H. (2013). Sasanquasaponin from Camellia oleifera Abel. induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Fitoterapia, 84, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.009
12. Chen, X., & Thibeault, S. (2013). Effect of DMSO concentration, cell density and needle gauge on the viability of cryopreserved cells in three dimensional hyaluronan hydrogel. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, 2013, 6228-6231. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6610976
13. Chí, H. T., Hằng, B. M., Thương, N. T. L., & Lý, B. T. K. (2020). Khảo sát hoạt tính kháng oxi hóa của catechin chiết xuất từ lá trà xanh - Antioxidant activities of catechin extracted from green tea leaves. Tạp chí khoa học - Đại học Thủ Dầu Một, 49, 71-79.
14. Eggler, A. L., & Savinov, S. N. (2013). Chemical and biological mechanisms of phytochemical activation of Nrf2 and importance in disease prevention. Recent Adv Phytochemistry, 43, 121-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00581-2_7
15. Esghaei, M., Ghaffari, H., Rahimi Esboei, B., Ebrahimi Tapeh, Z., Bokharaei Salim, F., & Motevalian, M. (2018). Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Camellia Sinensis in the Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19(6), 1697-1701. https://doi.org/10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.6.1697
16. Gao, X., Li, X., Ho, C.-T., Lin, X., Zhang, Y., Li, B., & Chen, Z. (2020). Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla) induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 cells via ROS generation and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Food Research International, 129, 108854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108854
17. Indrayanto, G., Putra, G. S., & Suhud, F. (2021). Validation of in-vitro bioassay methods: Application in herbal drug research. Profiles Drug Subst Excip Relat Methodol, 46, 273-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.podrm.2020.07.005
18. Khan, N., & Mukhtar, H. (2013). Tea and health: studies in humans. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 19(34), 6141-6147. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612811319340008
19. Koňariková, K., Ježovičová, M., Keresteš, J., Gbelcová, H., Ďuračková, Z., & Žitňanová, I. (2015). Anticancer effect of black tea extract in human cancer cell lines. Springer Plus, 4(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0871-4
20. Li, Z., Huang, Q., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zhong, S., & Zeng, Z. (2022). Identification of the Toxic Compounds in Camellia oleifera Honey and Pollen to Honey Bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(41), 13176-13185. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04950
21. Linh, P. H., Ly, B. T. K., & Chi, H. T. (2024). Evaluation the Anti-leukemia effect of Methanol extracts of Camellia cuongiana on the K562 cell line. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 17(2), 568-570.
22. Linh, P. H., Lý, B. T. K., & Chí, H. T. (2023). Khảo sát hoạt tính Cao chiết Methanol từ Camellia Cuongiana Thu hái tại Vườn Quốc Gia Bidoup – Núi Bà Trên Tế bào Ung Thư biểu Mô Gan HCC-J5. Tạp Chí Khoa học Và Công nghệ - Đại học Đà Nẵng, 21(5), 78-81.
23. Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(8), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902
24. Ly, B., Quan, N., Dao, L., Nguyen, H., Lam, M., & Hoang, C. (2019). Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Dialium cochinchinensis Seed Extract. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(5), 975-980. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.594
25. Mbuthia, K. S., Mireji, P. O., Ngure, R. M., Stomeo, F., Kyallo, M., Muoki, C., & Wachira, F. N. (2017). Tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions ameliorate cancer in 4TI metastatic breast cancer model. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1683-6
26. Nga, N. P., Oanh, N. T. K., & Linh, N. D. (2023). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of two endemic golden Camellia species (Camellia tamdaoensis Ninh et Hakoda and Camellia tienii Ninh) in Vietnam. TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 228(5), 333 - 340.
27. Nguyen, T. H. D., Vu, D. C., Nguyet, N. T. M., Tran-Trung, H., Nguyen, L. L. P., & Baranyai, L. (2023). Evaluation of phenolics and bioactivities of Camellia quephongensis leaf extracts as affected by various extraction solvents. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14, 100914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100914
28. Nguyet Hai Ninh, L., Van Dung, L., Nguyen Van, C., Pham Thi, T. D., Luu, T., & Pham, T. (2020). An updated checklist of Theaceae and a new species of Polyspora from Vietnam. Taiwania, 65, 216-227. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2020.65.216
29. Novilla, A., Djamhuri, D. S., Nurhayati, B., Rihibiha, D. D., Afifah, E., & Widowati, W. (2017). Anti-inflammatory properties of oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) ethanol extract and epigallocatechin gallate in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(11), 1005-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.10.002
30. Tran-Trung, H., Nguyen, T. C., Dung, V. C., Ngoc, H. N., Nguyen, D. K., Vu, D. C., Van, S. D., Nguyen, Q. A. T., Nguyen, T. H. D., Tham, V. M., & Dau, X. D. (2023). Characterization and Evaluation of the In Vitro Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Camellia longii Orel and Luu. (Theaceae) Flower Essential Oil and Extracts From Vietnam. Natural Product Communications, 18(11), 1934578X231208348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x231208348
31. Wang, C., Han, J., Pu, Y., & Wang, X. (2022). Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Nutritional Composition, Potential Applications, and Omics Research. Applied Sciences, 12(12), 5874. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/12/5874
32. Xuan, N., Quan, N., Ly, B., & Thanh Chi, H. (2024). Induction of Apoptosis in BCR-ABL Fusion Associated Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells by Camellia kissiWall. (Theaceae) Extract. European Journal of Biology. https://doi.org/10.26650/EurJBiol.2024.1399845
33. Yang, C. S., Chen, G., & Wu, Q. (2014). Recent scientific studies of a traditional chinese medicine, tea, on prevention of chronic diseases. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 4(1), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.124326
34. Yang, C. S., Lambert, J. D., Ju, J., Lu, G., & Sang, S. (2007). Tea and cancer prevention: molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 224(3), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.024