Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing

Achuth Jayakrishnan; Rakisha Rg; Reshma Ayswaria

doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521

Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing

Abstract

The utilization of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy has become necessary due to the current rise in antibiotic resistance and the high cost of conventional medical care. Artocarpus heterophyllus, a medicinal plant with demonstrated antimicrobial properties, represents a promising phytotherapeutic alternative to combat antimicrobial resistance. The present study was designed to develop and systematically evaluate a topical herbal gel incorporating seed extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus with an emphasis on assessing its antibacterial efficacy and physicochemical characteristics. Following the extraction of the Artocarpus heterophyllus seed using ethanolic and hexane solvents (80%, v/v) for five days, their phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity were determined. Six herbal gel formulations were developed using the plant extracts, each incorporating 2% of a single gelling agent; carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or hydroxypropyl cellulose. The physicochemical parameters of the formulations were evaluated and the antibacterial potential was subsequently investigated. The yields of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed ethanolic and hexane extracts were 2.45% and 1.12%, respectively. The phytochemical examination of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyuridine, steroids, reducing sugars, glycosides and anthraquinones. The extracts also demonstrated the significant presence of the antioxidant phytoconstituents with phenolic contents of 10.74 and 7.43 mg GAE/g, and flavonoid levels of 13.7 and 9.87 mg CE/g, in the ethanolic and hexane fractions, respectively. The characteristics of the developed formulations, including spreadability, pH, viscosity, and extrudability, were determined to be well within the limits. The antibacterial efficacy of the formulations was confirmed by inhibition zones of 21 mm and 17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, and 16 mm and 14 mm against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, with formulation F2 exhibiting the highest activity. These findings validate the antimicrobial potential of topical gel formulations incorporated with Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts, highlighting their potential as a viable phytotherapeutic agent.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors would like to express sincerest gratitude to the Institutions, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore and Mercy College, Palakkad for providing all the resources to carry out the work. The authors are thankful to the technicians from Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore and Mercy College, Palakkad for their consistent support in execution of the experiments.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Medical Biotechnology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Achuth Jayakrishnan ^*
0000-0002-3925-2489
India

Rakisha Rg This is me
India

Reshma Ayswaria This is me
0000-0002-3596-1376
India

Early Pub Date

September 21, 2025

Publication Date

March 5, 2026

Submission Date

April 5, 2024

Acceptance Date

August 14, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 35

DOI

https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA65LE52HK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Jayakrishnan, A., Rg, R., & Ayswaria, R. (2026). Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing. Biotech Studies, 35, 1788521. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521

AMA

1.Jayakrishnan A, Rg R, Ayswaria R. Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing. Biotech Studies. 2026;(35):1788521. doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521

Chicago

Jayakrishnan, Achuth, Rakisha Rg, and Reshma Ayswaria. 2026. “Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Seed-Derived Topical Gel: A Promising Alternative towards Ecofriendly Healing”. Biotech Studies, nos. 35: 1788521. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521.

EndNote

Jayakrishnan A, Rg R, Ayswaria R (March 1, 2026) Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing. Biotech Studies 35 1788521.

IEEE

[1]A. Jayakrishnan, R. Rg, and R. Ayswaria, “Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing”, Biotech Studies, no. 35, p. 1788521, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521.

ISNAD

Jayakrishnan, Achuth - Rg, Rakisha - Ayswaria, Reshma. “Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Seed-Derived Topical Gel: A Promising Alternative towards Ecofriendly Healing”. Biotech Studies. 35 (March 1, 2026): 1788521. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521.

JAMA

1.Jayakrishnan A, Rg R, Ayswaria R. Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing. Biotech Studies. 2026;:1788521.

MLA

Jayakrishnan, Achuth, et al. “Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Efficacy of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Seed-Derived Topical Gel: A Promising Alternative towards Ecofriendly Healing”. Biotech Studies, no. 35, Mar. 2026, p. 1788521, doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521.

Vancouver

1.Achuth Jayakrishnan, Rakisha Rg, Reshma Ayswaria. Phytochemical profiling and antibacterial efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed-derived topical gel: A promising alternative towards ecofriendly healing. Biotech Studies. 2026 Mar. 1;(35):1788521. doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1788521