Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts

Kübra Öztürk; Esra İlhan-Ayışığı; Ece Yildiz Ozturk

doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425

Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts

Abstract

The turpentine tree (Pistacia terebinthus L.) contains valuable bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenes, attracting scientific interest beyond its culinary and aromatic uses. This study evaluated the effects of supercritical CO₂ (SCCO₂) extraction, with and without ethanol (EtOH) as a co-solvent, on the phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and antioxidant contents of P. terebinthus extracts. The addition of EtOH significantly reduced total phenolic content (32.10 ± 3.80 mg GA/100 g DM) compared to SCCO₂ alone (43.59 ± 4.60 mg GA/100 g DM; P < 0.043), possibly due to ethanol interference, compound-solvent interactions, or matrix-related factors. Flavonoid contents showed similar trends, with pure SCCO₂ yielding the highest levels. This result may be attributed to the hydrophobic nature and complex polyphenolic structures of the flavonoids in the extracts. Both SCCO₂ and SCCO₂-EtOH methods outperformed ultrasound-assisted (US) extraction in flavonoid yield (P < 0.001). However, US extraction resulted in the highest anthocyanin content (5.01 ± 0.49 mg TAC/100 g DM), likely due to its low-temperature conditions that prevent thermal degradation. Overall, SCCO₂ extraction with EtOH co-solvent appears to be a promising approach for efficiently extracting flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant compounds from P. terebinthus.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Plant Biochemistry, Bioprocessing, Bioproduction and Bioproducts

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Kübra Öztürk ^*
0000-0002-4488-0164
Türkiye

Esra İlhan-Ayışığı
0000-0003-1880-4261
Türkiye

Ece Yildiz Ozturk
0000-0003-2482-7371
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

December 25, 2025

Publication Date

March 5, 2026

Submission Date

April 29, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 4, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 35

DOI

https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA65YY32XF

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Öztürk, K., İlhan-Ayışığı, E., & Yildiz Ozturk, E. (2026). Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts. Biotech Studies, 35, 1849425. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425

AMA

1.Öztürk K, İlhan-Ayışığı E, Yildiz Ozturk E. Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts. Biotech Studies. 2026;(35):1849425. doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425

Chicago

Öztürk, Kübra, Esra İlhan-Ayışığı, and Ece Yildiz Ozturk. 2026. “Effects of the Supercritical Fluid Enhanced With Co-Solvent on the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Pistacia Terebinthus Extracts”. Biotech Studies, nos. 35: 1849425. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425.

EndNote

Öztürk K, İlhan-Ayışığı E, Yildiz Ozturk E (March 1, 2026) Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts. Biotech Studies 35 1849425.

IEEE

[1]K. Öztürk, E. İlhan-Ayışığı, and E. Yildiz Ozturk, “Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts”, Biotech Studies, no. 35, p. 1849425, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425.

ISNAD

Öztürk, Kübra - İlhan-Ayışığı, Esra - Yildiz Ozturk, Ece. “Effects of the Supercritical Fluid Enhanced With Co-Solvent on the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Pistacia Terebinthus Extracts”. Biotech Studies. 35 (March 1, 2026): 1849425. https://doi.org/10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425.

JAMA

1.Öztürk K, İlhan-Ayışığı E, Yildiz Ozturk E. Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts. Biotech Studies. 2026;:1849425.

MLA

Öztürk, Kübra, et al. “Effects of the Supercritical Fluid Enhanced With Co-Solvent on the Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Pistacia Terebinthus Extracts”. Biotech Studies, no. 35, Mar. 2026, p. 1849425, doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425.

Vancouver

1.Kübra Öztürk, Esra İlhan-Ayışığı, Ece Yildiz Ozturk. Effects of the supercritical fluid enhanced with co-solvent on the phenolic and flavonoid contents of Pistacia Terebinthus extracts. Biotech Studies. 2026 Mar. 1;(35):1849425. doi:10.38042/biotechstudies.1849425