Bilim Devrimini İcat Etmek

Abstract

XVII. yüzyıl bilim devrimi kavramı, modern dünyanın ortaya çıkışını anlamak için bir temel anlatı olarak bilim tarihinin merkezinde yer almıştır. Genel olarak bu önemli analitik çerçevenin Avrupa’da türetildiğine ve ilk kez Soğuk Savaş sırasında Herbert Butterfield ve Alexander Koyré’nin yazıları aracılığıyla yaygınlaştığına inanılmaktadır. Ancak bu görüş hatalıdır. Bilim devrimi büyük ölçüde Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde sosyal yeniden inşaya ilişkin tartışmaların bir ürünüdür. Avusturyalı göçmen Martha Ornstein’ın öncü kitabında tanıtılan ve tarihçi James Harvey Robinson’un etkileyici çoksatan kitabında vurgulanan bilim devrimi, iki savaş arası dönemde binlerce lise ve üniversitede öğretildi. John Dewey’in “bilimsel yöntem” savunusu ile evrimsel psikoloji ve antropolojiye dayanan bu kavram kadın hakları, ırkî eşitlik, seküler hümanizm ve küresel barış kampanyalarının temelindeydi. Bu yenilikçi siyasî amaçlar, bilim devrimi yalnızca bir disiplin olarak bilim tarihini şekillendirdiğinde değil aynı zamanda dekolonizasyonun hızlandığı, küresel kapitalizmin pekiştiği ve “modern” olmanın ne anlama geldiğinin yeniden tanımlandığı İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra terk edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Bilim Tarihi
• Bilim Devrimi
• Martha Ornstein
• James Harvey Robinson
• Sosyal Yeniden İnşacılık
• Yeni Tarih

Inventing the Scientific Revolution

Abstract

As a master narrative for understanding the emergence of the modern world, the concept of a seventeenth-century scientific revolution has been central to the history of science. It is generally believed that this key analytical framework was created in Europe and became widely used for the first time during the Cold War through the writings of Herbert Butterfield and Alexander Koyré. This view, however, is mistaken. The scientific revolution is largely a product of debates about social reconstruction in the United States in the aftermath of World War I. Promoted in a pioneering book by the Austrian immigrant Martha Ornstein, highlighted in a provocative bestseller by the historian James Harvey Robinson, the scientific revolution was taught in thousands of interwar high schools and colleges. Based on John Dewey’s advocacy of “the scientific method” and on evolutionary psychology and anthropology, the concept underpinned campaigns for women’s rights, racial equality, secular humanism, and global peace. These progressive political ambitions were abandoned after World War II, when the scientific revolution became fundamental not only to forging the history of science as a discipline but also to redefining what it meant to be “modern” during an era of decolonization and the consolidation of global capitalism

Keywords

• History of Science
• Scientific Revolution
• Martha Ornstein
• James Harvey Robinson
• Social Reconstruction
• The New History

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