Inventing the Scientific Revolution

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 95 - 142, 31.12.2024

James A. Secord

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14616956

Abstract

As a master narrative for understanding the emergence of the modern world, the concept of a seventeenth-century scientific revolution has been central to the history of science. It is generally believed that this key analytical framework was created in Europe and became widely used for the first time during the Cold War through the writings of Herbert Butterfield and Alexander Koyré. This view, however, is mistaken. The scientific revolution is largely a product of debates about social reconstruction in the United States in the aftermath of World War I. Promoted in a pioneering book by the Austrian immigrant Martha Ornstein, highlighted in a provocative bestseller by the historian James Harvey Robinson, the scientific revolution was taught in thousands of interwar high schools and colleges. Based on John Dewey’s advocacy of “the scientific method” and on evolutionary psychology and anthropology, the concept underpinned campaigns for women’s rights, racial equality, secular humanism, and global peace. These progressive political ambitions were abandoned after World War II, when the scientific revolution became fundamental not only to forging the history of science as a discipline but also to redefining what it meant to be “modern” during an era of decolonization and the consolidation of global capitalism

Keywords

History of Science, Scientific Revolution, Martha Ornstein, James Harvey Robinson, Social Reconstruction, The New History

Bilim Devrimini İcat Etmek

Abstract

XVII. yüzyıl bilim devrimi kavramı, modern dünyanın ortaya çıkışını anlamak için bir temel anlatı olarak bilim tarihinin merkezinde yer almıştır. Genel olarak bu önemli analitik çerçevenin Avrupa’da türetildiğine ve ilk kez Soğuk Savaş sırasında Herbert Butterfield ve Alexander Koyré’nin yazıları aracılığıyla yaygınlaştığına inanılmaktadır. Ancak bu görüş hatalıdır. Bilim devrimi büyük ölçüde Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde sosyal yeniden inşaya ilişkin tartışmaların bir ürünüdür. Avusturyalı göçmen Martha Ornstein’ın öncü kitabında tanıtılan ve tarihçi James Harvey Robinson’un etkileyici çoksatan kitabında vurgulanan bilim devrimi, iki savaş arası dönemde binlerce lise ve üniversitede öğretildi. John Dewey’in “bilimsel yöntem” savunusu ile evrimsel psikoloji ve antropolojiye dayanan bu kavram kadın hakları, ırkî eşitlik, seküler hümanizm ve küresel barış kampanyalarının temelindeydi. Bu yenilikçi siyasî amaçlar, bilim devrimi yalnızca bir disiplin olarak bilim tarihini şekillendirdiğinde değil aynı zamanda dekolonizasyonun hızlandığı, küresel kapitalizmin pekiştiği ve “modern” olmanın ne anlama geldiğinin yeniden tanımlandığı İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra terk edilmiştir.

Keywords

Bilim Tarihi, Bilim Devrimi, Martha Ornstein, James Harvey Robinson, Sosyal Yeniden İnşacılık, Yeni Tarih

Thanks

Bu konudaki çalışmalar, Berlin’deki Max Planck Bilim Tarihi Enstitüsü’nde başlatıldı. Lukas M. Verburgt, Utrecht Üniversitesi’nde çevrimiçi olarak erken bir versiyonunu sunma fırsatı sağladı. Bu konuşma veya taslak hâlindeki bu makale hakkında yorum yapan Floris Cohen’e, Andrew Cunningham’a, Lorraine Daston’a, Patricia Fara’ya, Meira Gold’a, Nick Jardine’a, Jerry Kutcher’a, Peter Mandler’a, Simon Schaffer’a, Anne Secord’a, Adrian Wilson’a, Haiyan Yang’a, iki hakem için Isis’e ve Longest Nineteenth–Century Okuma Grubu’na minnettarım. Koleksiyonlara erişimin pandemi kısıtlamaları ile sınırlandığı bir dönemde, kütüphanecilerin ve arşivcilerin yardımı olmadan bu makaleyi yazmak mümkün olmazdı

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