Detection of Ageratum yellow vein China virus on weeds Acalypha indica L. and Euphorbia heterophylla L. in Indonesia

Abstract

Begomoviruses are significant plant pathogens affecting various crops globally. Furthermore, weeds serve as reservoirs for these viruses, contributing to their spread and persistence. Field surveys in Sleman and Gunungkidul Regencies in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, collected four Acalypha indica L. samples showing leaf cupping, mosaic, and stunting, and two Euphorbia heterophylla L. samples exhibiting chlorosis, mosaic, and stunting. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of ageratum yellow vein China virus (AYVCNV) in all six samples based on the sequences of the partial AV1 gene. However, SPG1/SPG2 primers also showed that three isolates (katemas SMN1, katemas SMN2, and akar kucing SMN2) had recombinant sequences in the partial AC1-AC2 regions, with Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) as one of the parent strains, indicating genetic exchange between both Begomovirus species. A scan using the Recombination Detection Program (RDP v5.30) confirmed strong signals in the three isolates, supporting the role of recombination in the evolution of begomoviruses. Two A. indica samples with systemic yellow vein clearing were also collected but tested negative using both primer pairs, indicating a different disturbance affecting them. This study molecularly characterized AYVCNV infecting A. indica and E. heterophylla for the first time in Indonesia and elsewhere. The findings highlight the importance of these widely distributed tropical weeds as alternative hosts for begomoviruses and underscore the need for continued monitoring to manage these viruses effectively in agricultural settings effectively.

Keywords

• DNA virus
• genetic recombination
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• phylogenetic tree
• reservoir plant host

Endonezya'da Acalypha indica L. ve Euphorbia heterophylla L. yabancı otlarında Ageratum sarı damarlı Çin virüsünün belirlenmesi

Abstract

Begomovirüsler, dünya genelinde tarımsal üretimi tehdit eden önemli bitki patojenleridir. Bununla birlikte, yabancı otlar bu virüsler için alternatif konukçu olarak işlev görmekte ve virüslerin yayılımı ile kalıcılığına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Endonezya’nın Yogyakarta Özel Bölgesi'nde yer alan Sleman ve Gunungkidul bölgelerinde yürütülen arazi araştırmaları kapsamında, Acalypha indica L. bitkisinden dört, Euphorbia heterophylla L. bitkisinden ise iki simptomatik örnek toplanmıştır. Moleküler analizler sonucunda, AV1 gen bölgesine ait kısmi diziler kullanılarak tüm örneklerde Ageratum yellow vein china virus (AYVCNV) varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, SPG1/SPG2 primerleri ile gerçekleştirilen analizlerde, üç izolatın (katemas SMN1, katemas SMN2 ve akar kucing SMN2) AC1-AC2 gen bölgelerinde rekombinant dizilere sahip olduğu belirlenmiş olup, filogenetik analizler bu bölgelerin Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) ile yüksek benzerlik gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Rekombinasyon Saptama Programı (RDP v5.30) ile yapılan analizler, bu üç izolatın güçlü rekombinasyon sinyalleri verdiğini doğrulamış ve rekombinasyonun begomovirüslerin evriminde önemli bir rol oynadığına işaret etmiştir. Ek olarak, sistemik damar açılması simptomu gösteren iki A. indica örneği de değerlendirilmiş ancak moleküler analizlerde begomovirüs varlığı tespit edilmemiştir; bu durum, farklı bir patojen ya da abiyotik stres faktörünün etkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışma, AYVCNV'nin A. indica ve E. heterophylla konukçularında enfeksiyon oluşturduğunu ilk kez moleküler düzeyde tanımlamakta ve bu virüslerin genetik çeşitliliği ile evrimsel dinamiklerine dair önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, tropikal ve subtropikal bölgelerde yaygın olarak bulunan bu yabancı ot türlerinin begomovirüsler için önemli rezervuarlar olduğunu göstermekte ve virüslerin yayılımını önlemeye yönelik izleme ve yönetim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• DNA virüs
• genetik rekombinasyon
• filogenetik ağaç
• Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu
• alternatif bitki konukçusu

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