Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi Kivi Ekiliş Alanlarında Görülen Fungal Hastalıkların Tespiti ve Yaygınlıklarının Belirlenmesi

Year 2026, Volume: 66 Issue: 1 , 53 - 63 , 31.03.2026

Ülkem Tanıker , Tülin Sarıgül Ertek , Süreyya Özben

https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1667016

https://izlik.org/JA65KP33MT

Abstract

Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde, Bartın, Düzce ve Zonguldak illerindeki kivi bahçelerinde, 2014-2016 yılları arasında, hastalıkların ve hastalıkların yaygınlıklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla sürveyler yürütülmüştür. Meyve hastalıklarını teşhis etmek amacıyla yaprak, gövde ve kök örnekleri toplanmış ve izolasyonlar PDA ve WA besiyerleri kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Patojenite testleri de farklı teknikler kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Yaprak patojenleri için "Kürdan testi", meyve patojenleri için "Meyve aşılama yöntemi", gövde patojenleri için "Gövde aşılama yöntemi" yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. İzolatlar, patojenite testlerinde elde edilen enfekte dokulardan tekrar izole edilmiştir. Patojenite testlerinde patojen bulunan izolatlar tür düzeyinde tanımlanmak için moleküler çalışmalarda kullanılmıştır. Moleküler çalışmalar için; Qiagen Blood&Tissue Kiti ile 10-12 günlük gelişmiş fungus izolatları kullanılarak DNA ekstraksiyonu, PCR protokolü ITS 1-4 gen bölgesi kullanılarak jel elektroforezi yapılmıştır. PCR ürünleri sekans analizine gönderilmiştir. Sekans sonuçları BIOEDIT adlı yazılım programı kullanılarak ve nükleotid dizileri NCBI web sitesinde analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada teşhis edilen patojen funguslar; Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire, Colletotrichum gleosporoides Penzig, Neopestalotiopsis egyptica, Neopestalotiopsis vitis Jayawardena, Maharachch., yan, Li & k. d. Hyde, Diaporthe actinidae N.F. Sommer & Beraha, Diaporthe nobilis Sacc. & Speg., Michelia, Valsa leucostoma (Persoon) Saccardo, Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Tulasne & C. Tulasne) D. Gramaje, L. Mostert & Crous , Cylindrocarpon macrodiymum, Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr., Cladosporium macrodidymum, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kummer olarak bulunmuştur. Yaygınlık çalışmalarında ise en yaygın olan etmenler Alternaria spp, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Diaporthe spp., Pestalotiopsis spp. olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

kivi , Actinidia deliciosa , toprak patojenleri , hastalık oranı

Project Number

TAGEM-BS-13/08-09/01-22 (4)

Detection and Prevalence of Fungal Diseases in Kiwi Cultivation Areas in the Western Black Sea Region

https://izlik.org/JA65KP33MT

Abstract

Surveys were conducted in kiwifruit orchards in Bartın, Düzce and Zonguldak provinces in the Western Black Sea Region between 2014 and 2016 to determine the diseases and their prevalence. In order to identify diseases of fruit, leaf, stem and root samples were collected and isolations were done using PDA and WA media. Pathogenicity tests were also performed using different types of techniques. For the leaf pathogens “Toothpick assay”, for the fruit pathogens “Fruit inoculation method” , for the stem pathogens “Stem inoculation method” methods were used. The isolates were reisolated from the infected tissues obtained in the pathogenicity tests. The isolates which were found pathogen in the pathogenicity tests were used in molecular studies to identify the fungus at the species level. For the molecular studies; DNA extraction were done using 10-12 day old culture with Qiagen Blood and Tissue Kit, PCR protocol were done using ITS 1-4 gene region, gel-electrophoresis were done, respectively. The PCR products were sent to the sequencing facilities. The results of sequences were aligned using software programme BIOEDIT, and nucleotide sequences were compared in NCBI website with other reference isolates. In this study, pathogenic fungi identified; Alternaria alternata, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Neopestalotiopsis egyptica, Neopestalotiopsis protearum, Diaporthe actinidae, Diaporthe nobilis, Valsa leucostoma, Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Tulasne & C. Tulasne) D. Gramaje, L. Mostert & Crous, Cylindrocarpon macrodiymum, Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr., Cladosporium macrodidymum, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kummer. In prevalence studies, the most common agents were determined as Alternaria spp, Colletotrichum gleosporoides, Diaporthe micspp., Pestalotiopsis spp.

Keywords

kiwi , Actinidia deliciosa , soilborne pathogens , disease rate

Supporting Institution

Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü

Project Number

TAGEM-BS-13/08-09/01-22 (4)

References

• Aghajani M.A., 2008. Occurrence of charcoal rot on kiwi fruit in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90 (1), 148. http://www.agr.unipi.it/sipav/jpp/index.html
• Anonymous 2024. Crops and Livestock Products. FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize (accessed date: 06.02.2025)
• Anonymous 2025. https://www.turkishgoods.com/post/blog/leading-countries-in-kiwi-exports-in-the-world (accessed date: 06.02.2025)
• Atak A., 2022. Current status of the Turkish kiwifruit industry and the main problems of growers. Acta Horticulturae, 1332, 439-444. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2022.1332.58
• Bai Q., Wang G.P., Hong N., Guo Y.S., Fu M., 2017. First report of Diaporthe tulliensis and Diaporthe actinidiae causing kiwifruit stem canker in Hubei and Anhui provinces, China. Plant Disease, 101 (3), 508-509. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-16-1445-PDN
• Bora T., Karaca İ., 1970. Kültür Bitkilerinde Hastalığın ve Zararın Ölçülmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova-İzmir, 43 s. (in Turkish).
• Dolar F.S., Tenuta A., Higgins V.J., 1994. Detached leaf assay for screening chickpea for resistance to Ascochyta blight. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16 (3), 215-220.
• Donati I., Cellini A., Sangiorgio D., Caldera E., Sorrenti G., Spinelli F., 2020. Pathogens associated to kiwifruit vine decline in Italy. Agriculture, 10 (4), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040119
• Elena K., 2009. Occurrence of Phomopsis sp. in kiwi plantations in northern Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 2 (2), 67-69.
• Ellis M.B., 1976. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB International Mycological Institute, Kew, UK, 507 p.
• Ertek T.S., Katırcıoğlu Y.Z., Maden S., 2018. Fungal diseases of strawberry grown in Düzce province of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin, 58 (3), 123-129. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.449140
• Ertek T.S., Uzunok S., Özben S., Tanıker Ü., Kurbetli İ., Maden S., 2022. Occurrence of fungal strawberry diseases in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and reactions of some varieties grown widely against the important pathogens. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62 (3), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1091079
• Gerlach W., Nirenberg H., 1982. The genus Fusarium. Pictorial Atlas, Kommissionsverlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, 406 s.
• Haleem R., Abdullah S., Jubraeel J., 2011. Morphological and molecular identification of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum associated with grapevines decline phenomenon in Duhok Governorate. Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences), 37 (4), 1-8.
• Hawthorne B.T., Rees-George J., Samuels G.J., 1982. Fungi associated with leaf spots and post-harvest fruit rots of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 20 (2), 143-150.
• Karakaya A., Bayraktar H., 2009. Botrytis disease of kiwifruit in Turkey. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 4, 87–88. https://doi.org/10.1071/DN09037
• Karakaya A., Çelik A., 2012. First report of Alternaria alternata infection of kiwifruit in Turkey. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 7 (1), 181-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-012-0079-1
• Li L., Pan H., Chen M., Zhang S., Zhong C., 2017a. Isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi causing postharvest fruit rot of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in China. Journal of Phytopathology, 165 (11-12), 782–790.
• Li Y., Tan P., Zhao D.G., 2017b. Diaporthe nobilis, a new record on Camellia sinensis in Guizhou Province, China. Mycosphere, 8 (1), 1-8. doi 10.5943/mycosphere/8/1/1
• Lv W., Yu Y., Zhong X., Lin Y., Guo G., Wang Y. 2023. Identification and characterization of Cladosporium species associated with tea plants (Camellia sinensis) in China. Plant Pathology, 72 (5), 868-880. doi: 10.1111/ppa.13711
• Manning M.A., Lallu N., 1997. Fungal diseases of kiwifruit stored in controlled atmosphere in New Zealand. Acta Horticulturae, 444, 725–731. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.444.111
• Mari M., Spadoni A., Ceredi G., 2015. Alternative technologies to control postharvest diseases of kiwifruit. Stewart Postharvest Review, 11 (4).
• Marsberg A., Kemler M., Jami F., Nagel J.H., Postma‐Smidt A., Naidoo S., Slippers B., 2017. Botryosphaeria dothidea: a latent pathogen of global importance to woody plant health. Molecular Plant Pathology, 18 (4), 477-488. doi: 10.1111/mpp.12495
• Michailides T.J., Elmer P.A., 2000. Botrytis gray mold of kiwifruit caused by Botrytis cinerea in the United States and New Zealand. Plant Disease, 84 (3), 208-223.
• Mohamadalian Y., Taheri H., Moradi B., 2011. Final report of research plan, identification, distribution and importance of fungal diseases causing necrotic leaf spot on kiwifruit in the West Mazandaran and Guilan provinceý. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=IR2012063172
• Pei Y.G., Tao Q.J., Zheng X.J., Li Y., Sun X.F., Li Z.F., Gong G.S., 2019. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Botrytis cinerea population from kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, China. Plant Disease, 103 (4), 748-758. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0707-RE
• Pennycook S.R., Samuels G.J., 1985. Botryosphaeria and Fusicoccum species associated with ripe fruit rot of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit) in New Zealand. Mycotaxon, 24, 445-458.
• Phillips A.J.L., Alves A., Abdollahzadeh J., Slippers B., Wingfield M.J., Groenewald J.Z., Crous P.W., 2013. The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture. Studies in Mycology, 76 (1), 51-167.
• Polat Z., Awan Q.N., Hussain M., Akgül D.S., 2017. First report of Phytopythium vexans causing root and collar rot of kiwifruit in Turkey. Plant Disease, 101 (6), 1058. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-16-1554-PDN
• Polat Z., Kaymak S., Gültekin M.A., Bayraktar H., Özer G., 2023. First report of Phytopythium litorale associated with dieback disease of kiwifruit in Turkey. Journal of Plant Pathology, 105 (4), 1761-1762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-023-01510-1
• Samson R.A., Hoekstra E.S., Frisvad J.C., Filtenborg O., 1996. Introduction to food-borne fungi. Centraalbureau voor schimmelcultures, Baarn and Delft, The Netherlands, 313 pp.
• Şahin N., Türkkan M., 2020. Ordu ili kivi üretim alanlarındaki toprak kökenli fungusların tanımlanması ve patojenisitesi. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 10 (1), 58-65.
• Tousson T.A., Nelson P.E., 1995. A pictorial guide to the identification of Fusarium species. Fusarium. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London, 43 pp.
• Warrington I.J., Weston G.C., 1990. Kiwifruit: science and management. Agricultural and Food Sciences, Environmental Science, 576 p.
• White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S.J.W.T., Taylor J.L., 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications, 18 (1), 315-322.
• Vučković N., Duduk N., Rekanović E., Duduk B., Vico I., 2024. First report of Botryosphaeria dothidea causing root rot of sugar beet in Serbia. Plant Disease, 108 (12), 3658. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-24-1275-PDN
• Zhang M.X., Zhai L.F., Xu W.X., Hong N., Wang G.P. 2014. First report of Valsa leucostoma causing valsa canker of Pyrus communis (cv. Duchess de'Angouleme) in China. Plant Disease, 98 (3), 422-422. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0704-PDN