Phalaenopsis orkidelerinde Fusarium solgunluğunun Trichoderma harzianum izolatları ile biyolojik kontrolü

Abstract

Güve orkideleri olarak bilinen Phalaenopsis türleri, çok sayıda çiçek oluşturması ve uzun çiçeklenme süresi nedeniyle yaygın olarak yetiştirilen süs bitkilerindendir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ülkemizde yetiştirilen Phalaenopsis orkideleri ile ilişkili fungal etmenlerin belirlenmesi ve güve orkidesinden elde edilen Trichoderma harzianum (TH) izolatlarının, patojenitesi doğrulanan Fusarium oxysporum izolatlarına karşı biyokontrol etkinliğinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Orkidelerden izole edilen fungal etmenler arasında başta Fusarium spp. olmak üzere, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ve Macrophomina phaseolina gibi önemli fitopatojenlerin yer aldığı ve özellikle Fusarium oxysporum’un en yaygın türlerden biri olarak öne çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada Antalya, Mersin, Yalova ve İstanbul illerinden alınan örnekler incelenmiştir. Orkidelerden izole edilen 15 adet T. harzianum izolatı ve patojenitesi doğrulanan 3 adet F. oxysporum izolatı ile in vitro testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre seçilen bir izolat ve bir ticari T. harzianum preparatı in vivo denemelerde kullanılmıştır. Denemeler kontrollü koşullarda iklim odasında, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. In vitro testlerde, TH izolatlarının sekonder uçucu metabolitlerinin F. oxysporum koloni çapını kontrole kıyasla %54.1 oranında azalttığı, hiperparazitik etki ile bu oranın %76.36’ya kadar ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. In vivo denemelerde ise orkide kökenli TH izolatlarının uygulamaları, yalnızca F. oxysporum inokule edilmiş pozitif kontrole kıyasla hastalık şiddetini %77.3 oranında azaltırken, ticari TH preparatında bu oran %81.8 olarak saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, hem orkide kökenli TH izolatları hem de ticari preparat uygulamaları bitkilerde kök uzunluğu, kök yaş ağırlığı ve yeşil aksam ağırlığını artırmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, T. harzianum izolatlarının orkide yetiştiriciliğinde F. oxysporum kaynaklı hastalıkların biyolojik mücadelesinde etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

• süs bitkileri
• fungal hastalıklar
• Trichoderma harzianum
• hastalık şiddeti

Biological control of Fusarium wilt in Phalaenopsis orchids by Trichoderma harzianum isolates

Abstract

Moth orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) are widely cultivated ornamental plants due to their high flower production and long flowering period. This study aimed to identify fungal agents associated with Phalaenopsis orchids grown in Türkiye and to evaluate the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum (TH) isolates against pathogenicity-confirmed Fusarium oxysporum isolates. Fusarium spp. were the dominant fungal agents, and F. oxysporum was one of the most common species. In addition, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Macrophomina phaseolina were identified as important phytopathogens. Samples were collected from Antalya, Mersin, Yalova, and Istanbul. A total of 15 T. harzianum isolates and three pathogenicity-confirmed F. oxysporum isolates were used in in vitro assays. Based on these results, selected isolates and a commercial T. harzianum product were further tested in in vivo experiments under controlled conditions. In vitro assays showed that volatile metabolites of TH isolates reduced the colony diameter of F. oxysporum by 54.1%, while hyperparasitic effects resulted in up to 76.36% inhibition. In vivo applications reduced disease severity by 77.3% for orchid-derived isolates and 81.8% for the commercial product. Both treatments also increased root length, root fresh weight, and shoot biomass. These results demonstrate that Trichoderma harzianum isolates are effective in the biological control of Fusarium oxysporum-related diseases in orchid cultivation.

Keywords

• Ornamental plants
• fungal disease
• Trichoderma harzianum
• disease severity

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