Molecular and morphological identification of the invading Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and novel host plant records for Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 65 Issue: 2, 5 - 12, 30.06.2025

Sabiha Acer , Fahriye Ercan , Sevcan Öztemiz , Erdem Hızal , Nuri Ercan

https://doi.org/10.16955/bitkorb.1571926

Abstract

The polyphagous invasive pest Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has recently been reported in Türkiye. This species causes economic losses for woody ornamental and agricultural plants and forest trees in the lands where it invaded and settled. It should be considered that this pest has a pretty high rate of spread, and its control relies on accurate identification. This species could be distinguished from other ambrosia beetles using both morphological and molecular characteristics provided by the present study. The mtDNA gene region from some specimens collected in Türkiye was used for molecular identification and compared to "barcode" sequences already present in NCBI databases. COI sequences from X. compactus individuals obtained from eight distinct host plant species were used in phylogenetic analysis. More research into the genetic diversity of this ambrosia beetle's native and introduced areas is required to understand the origin of this biological invasion in Türkiye. Since its definition in Türkiye, X. compactus has been detected in 32 host plant species, and this study has increased that number to 40 by identifying eight new host plant species. Except Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and Fraxinus ornus L., six new species have been added to the world host plant species list for X. compactus.

Keywords

ambrosia beetles, molecular identification, COI sequence, host plant, invasive species

İstilacı Xylosandrus compactus'un (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) moleküler ve morfolojik tanısı ve Türkiye için yeni konukçu bitki kayıtları

Abstract

Polifag istilacı zararlı Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) yakın zamanda Türkiye'de bildirilmiştir. Bu tür, istila ettiği ve yerleştiği topraklarda odunsu süs ve tarım bitkileri ile orman ağaçları için ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Bu zararlının oldukça yüksek bir yayılma oranına sahip olduğu ve kontrolünün doğru tanımlamaya dayandığı göz önünde tutulmalıdır. Bu tür, mevcut çalışmada sağlanan morfolojik ve moleküler özellikler kullanılarak diğer ambrosya böceklerinden ayırt edilebilir. Türkiye'de toplanan bazı örneklerden alınan mtDNA gen bölgesi, moleküler tanımlama için kullanılmış ve NCBI veri tabanlarında hali hazırda mevcut olan "barkod" dizileriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Sekiz farklı konukçu bitki türünden elde edilen X. compactus örneklerinden alınan COI dizileri filogenetik analizde kullanılmıştır. Türkiye'deki bu biyolojik istilanın kökenini anlamak için bu ambrosia böceğinin doğal bulunduğu ve sonradan girdiği alanların genetik çeşitliliği hakkında daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Türkiye'de tespit edilmesinden bu yana X. compactus 32 konukçu bitki türünde belirlenmiş olup, bu çalışmada sekiz yeni konukçu bitki türünün tanımlanmasıyla bu sayı 40’a çıkmıştır. X. compactus için Dünya konukçu tür listesine Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. ve Fraxinus ornus L. hariç altı yeni tür eklenmiştir.

Keywords

ambrosiya böcekleri, moleküler tanılama, COI sekansı, konukçu bitki, istilacı türler

References

• Acer S., Hızal E., Altunışık S., 2023. İstilacı egzotik böcek türü Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff)’un İstanbul - Türkiye’deki konukçu bitki türleri. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 24 (2), 56–60. doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1246523
• Ak K., Saruhan İ., Tuncer C., Akyol H., Kılıç A., 2011. Ordu ili kivi bahçelerinde yazıcıböcek (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) türlerinin tespiti ve zarar oranları. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 1 (4), 229–234.
• Anonymous, 2017. Évaluation do risque simplifiée sur Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) identifié en France métropolitaine. Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective, ANSES, France, pp. 68
• Benvenuti C., Strangi A., Iovinella I., Barzanti G.P., Simoni S., Vitale S., Luongo L., Francardi V., Roversi P.F., 2021. Xylosandrus compactus and Liparthrum colchicum (Coleoptera Scolytinae) in Tuscany: a preliminary screening of associated fungi. Redia, 104, 139–146.
• Brockerhoff E.G., Jones D.C., Kimberley M.O., Suckling D.M., Donaldson T., 2006. Nationwide survey for invasive wood-boring and bark beetles (Coleoptera) using traps baited with pheromones and kairomones. Forest Ecology and Management, 228 (1-3), 234–240. doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.02.046
• Chong J.H., Reid L., Williamson M., 2009. Distribution, host plants, and damage of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), in South Carolina. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 26 (4), 199–208. doi.org/10.3954/1523-5475-26.4.199
• Dole S.A., Cognato A.I., 2010. Phylogenetic revision of Xylosandrus Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborina). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 61, 451–545
• Egonyu J., Kucel P., Kangire A., Sewaya F., Nkagwa C., 2009. Impact of the black twig borer on Robusta coffee in Mukono and Kayunga districts, central Uganda. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 3 (1), 163–169.
• Entwistle P.F., 1964. Inbreeding and arrhenotoky in the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus compactus (Eichh.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology, 39 (4-6), 83–88. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1964.tb00792.x
• Folmer O., Black M., Hoeh W., Lutz R., Vrijenjoek R., 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
• Francardi V., Pennacchio F., Santini L., Rumine P., Paoli A., Navarra A., Musetti N., 2012. First report of Xylosandrus compactus on Larus nobilis in Tuscany. Proceedings of the Giornate Fitopatologiche, Milano Marittima, 13-16 Marzo, 2012, 443–446.
• Garonna A.P., Dole S.A., Saracino A., Mazzoleni S., Cristinzio G., 2012. First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe. Zootaxa, 3251, 64–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3251.1.5
• Anoymous, 2024. Google Earth, Türkiye, retrived 25.12.2024, from https://www.google.com/earth (accessed date: 25.12.2024)
• Gomez D.F., Rabaglia R.J., Fairbanks K.E.O., Hulcr J., 2018. North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae), ZooKeys, 768, 19–68. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.768.24697
• Gugliuzzo A., Criscione G., Garzia G.T., 2019. Unusual behavior of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on carob trees in a mediterranean environment. Insects, 10 (3), 1-7. doi.org/10.3390/insects10030082
• Haack R.A., 2001. Intercepted Scolytidae (Coleoptera) at U.S. ports of entry: 1985-2000. Integrated Pest Management Reviews. 6, 253–282.
• Haack R.A., 2006 Exotic bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera in the United States: recent establishments and interceptions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36, 269–288.
• Harrison R.G., 1989. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4 (1), 6–11. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(89)90006-2
• Hebert P.D.N., Penton E.H., Burns J.M., Janzen D.H., Hallwachs W., 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101 (41), 14812–14817. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0406166101
• Hızal E., Acer S., Altunışık S., 2023. First record of the invasive alien species Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Turkey. BioInvasions Records. 12 (1), 93–102. doi.org/10.3391/bir.2023.12.1.08
• Holland M., Parsons T., 1999. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis - validation and use for forensic casework. Forensic Science Review. 11, 21–50.
• Hulme P.E., 2009. Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46 (1), 10–18.
• Kagezi G.H., Kucel P., Egonyu J.P., Ahumuza G., Nakibuule L., Kobusinge J., 2014. Implications of black coffee twig borer on cocoa in Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 15 (2), 179–189.
• Kagezi G., Kucel P., Egonyu J., Kyamanywa S., Karungi J., Pinard F., Jaramillo J., Van Asten P., Wagoire W., Ngabirano H., 2015. A review of the status and progress in management research of the black coffee twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) in Uganda. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coffee Science—Coffee Agronomy & Biotechnologies (ASIC 2014) Armenia, Colombie. 42-55 p.
• Kim I., Bae J.S., Choi K.H., Kim S.R., Jin B.R., Lee K.R., Sohn H.D., 2000. Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Population Genetic Structure of Diamondback Moths, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), in Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology, 30, 21–32.
• Kiran V.S., Asokan R., Revannavar R., Hanchipura Mallesh M.S., Ramasamy E., 2019. Genetic characterization and DNA barcoding of coffee shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Mitochondrial DNA Part A, 30 (10), 779–785. doi:10.1080/24701394.2019.1659249
• Kirkendall L.R., Faccoli M., 2010. Bark beetles and pinhole borers (Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Platypodinae) alien to Europe. Zookeys, 56, 227–251.
• Knižek M., 2007. Bark and ambrosia beetles in worldwide trade. In: Alien invasive species and intertaional trade. Evans, H., Oszako, T., (Eds.), Forest Research Enstitue, Warsaw, 101-104 p.
• Kumar S., Stecher G., Li M., Knyaz C., Tamura K., 2018. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (6), 1547–1549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy096
• Lantschner M.V., Corley J.C., Liebhold A.M., 2020. Drivers of global Scolytinae invasion patterns. Ecological Applications, 30 (5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2103
• Le Roux J., Wieczorek A.M., 2009. Molecular systematics and population genetics of biological invasions: towards a better understanding of invasive species management. Annals of Applied Biology, 154 (1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2008.00280.x
• Lees D.C., Lack H.W., Rougerie R., Hernandez-Lopez A., Raus T., Avtzis N.D., Augustin S., Lopez-Vaamonde C., 2011. Tracking origins of invasive herbivores through herbaria and archival DNA: the case of the horse-chestnut leaf miner. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9 (6), 322–328. doi.org/10.1890/100098
• Leigh J.W., Bryant D., 2015. POPART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6 (9), 1110–1116. doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410
• Librado P., Rozas J., 2009. DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25 (11), 1451–1452. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
• Mandelshtam M.Y., Yakushkin E.A., Petrov A.V., 2018. Oriental ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): new ınhabitants of Primorsky Krai in Russia. Russian Journal of Biological Invasions, 9 (4), 355–365. doi.org/10.1134/S2075111718040082
• Pennacchio F., Santini L., Francardi V., 2012. Bioecological notes on Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae), a species recently recorded into Italy. Redia, 95, 67–77.
• Posada D., 2008. jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25 (7), 1253–1256. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msn083
• Smith S.M., Beaver R.A., Cognato A.I., 2020. A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China, ZooKeys, 983, 1–442. doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630
• Simon C., Frati F., Beckenbach A., Crespi B., Liu H., Flook P., 1994. Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87 (6), 651–701. doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.6.651
• Storer C., Payton A., McDaniel S., Jordal B., Hulcr J., 2017. Cryptic genetic variation in an inbreeding and cosmopolitan pest, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, revealed using ddRADseq. Ecology and Evolution, 7 (24), 10974–10986. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3625
• Vannini A., Contarini M., Faccoli M., Valle M.D., Rodriguez C.M., Mazzetto T., Guarneri D., Vettraino A.M., Speranza S., 2017. First report of the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus and associated fungi in the Mediterranean maquis in Italy, and new host–pest associations, EPPO Bulletin, 47 (1), 100–103. doi.org/10.1111/epp.12358
• Wood S.L., 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 1359 p.
• Wood S.L., 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs: Vol. 10 , Article 2, 110 p. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbnm/vol10/iss1/2