Stress-Controlled Dynamic Triaxial Experiments to Examine the Liquefaction Response of Clean Sand

Year 2022, , 666 - 677, 30.06.2022

Abdulhakim Zeybek

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1080973

Abstract

Loosely packed cohesionless soils may suffer partial or complete liquefaction during seismic loading, causing significant structural damage. The dynamic behavior of liquefiable soils is widely investigated through element testing under controlled cyclic loading in undrained conditions. In this work, a total of 20 stress-controlled dynamic triaxial experiments were conducted on saturated specimens of clean sand to improve the understanding of the liquefaction phenomenon. The triaxial specimens were prepared at different relative densities in the range of 38 to 90% and subjected to varying cyclic stress ratios (CSR) with loading frequencies of 0.1 and/or 1 Hz. The experimental results indicated that under similar test conditions, the number of cycles needed for liquefaction was greater at 1 Hz than at 0.1 Hz, revealing that sand specimens exhibited higher liquefaction strength at higher loading frequencies. Furthermore, regardless of the cyclic loading frequency, the liquefaction resistance of sand increased with increasing densities.

Keywords

Dynamic triaxial testing, Stress-controlled tests, Liquefaction, Clean sand

Gerilme Kontrollü Dinamik Üç Eksenli Deneyler ile Temiz Kumun Sıvılaşma Davranışının Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Gevşek halde bulunan kohezyonsuz zeminler, sismik yükler altında ön veya tam sıvılaşmaya maruz kalarak önemli yapısal hasara neden olabilmektedir. Geoteknik deprem mühendisliğinde, kumlu zeminlerin sıvılaşma davranışı, genellikle drenajsız koşullarda gerçekleştirilen gerilme kontrollü döngülü laboratuvar deneyleri ile belirlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yeniden oluşturulmuş doymuş temiz kum numuneleri üzerinde bir dizi gerilme kontrollü dinamik üç eksenli testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Farklı rölatif sıkılıkta (%38 - 90) hazırlanmış numuneler 0.1 Hz veya 1 Hz yükleme frekansına ve farklı tekrarlı gerilme genliği oranına (CSR) sahip gerilmelere maruz bırakılmıştır. Benzer rölatif sıkılık ve tekrarlı gerilme genliği oranı ile farklı yükleme frekansında (0.1 Hz ve 1 Hz) gerçekleştirilen deneylerde, sıvılaşmaya neden olan çevrim sayısının 1 Hz yükleme frekans değerinde daha faza olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuç, kum numunelerinin yüksek yükleme frekanslarında daha yüksek sıvılaşma mukavemetine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, döngüsel yükleme frekansından bağımsız olarak, artan relatif sıkılığın kum numunelerinin sıvılaşma direncini önemli derecede artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Dinamik üç eksenli deney, Gerilme kontrollü testler, Sıvılaşma, Temiz kum

References

• Towhata I. 2008. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Springer.
• Wyss M., Brune J.N. 1967. The Alaska Earthquake of 28 March 1964: A Complex Multiple Rupture. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 57 (5): 1017-1023.
• Ishihara K., Koga Y. 1981. Case Studies of Liquefaction in the 1964 Niigata Earthquake. Soils and Foundations, 21(3): 35-52.
• Ishihara K., Tatsuoka F., Yasuda S. 1975. Undrained Deformation and Liquefaction of Sand Under Cyclic Stresses. Soils and Foundations, 15 (1): 29-44.
• Lee F.H. 1985. Centrifuge Modelling of Earthquake Effects on Sand Embankments. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
• Holzer T.L., Hanks T.C., Youd T.L. 1989. Dynamics of Liquefaction During the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, Earthquake. Science, 244 (4900): 56-59
• Seed H.B., Lee K.L. 1966. Liquefaction of Saturated Sands During Cyclic Loading. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 92 (6): 105-134.
• Ishihara K. 1993. Liquefaction and Flow Failure During Earthquakes. Géotechnique, 43 (3): 351-451.
• Muhunthan B., Schofield A.N. 2000. Liquefaction and Dam Failures. Slope Stability 2000, ASCE Special Publication, 266-280.
• Seed H.B., Peacock W.H. 1971.Test Procedures for Measuring Soil Liquefaction Characteristics. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97 (8): 1099-1119.
• Ishihara K. 1985. Stability of Natural Deposits during Earthquakes. 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 12-16 August, San Francisco, Vol. 1, (Balkema), 321-376.
• Finn W., Ledbetter R., Wu G. 1994. Liquefaction in Silty Soils: Design And Analysis. Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions. ASCE, 51-76.
• Thevanayagam S., Fiorillo M., Liang J. 2000. Effect of Nonplastic Fines on Undrained Cyclic Strength of Silty Sands. Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction 2000, 77-91.
• Polito C.P. Martin II J.R. 2001. Effects of Nonplastic Fines on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127 (5): 408-415.
• Porcino D.D., Diano V. 2017. The Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on Pore Water Pressure Generation and Undrained Shear Strength of Sand–Silt Mixtures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 101: 311-321.
• Eseller-Bayat E., Monkul M., Akin Ö., Yenigun S. 2019. The Coupled Influence of Relative Density, CSR, Plasticity and Content of Fines on Cyclic Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 23 (6): 909-929.
• Karakan E., Tanrinian N., Sezer Alper. 2019. Cyclic Undrained Behavior and Post Liquefaction Settlement of a Nonplastic Silt. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 120, 214-227.
• Vaid Y.P. Sivathayalan S. 2000. Fundamental Factors Affecting Liquefaction Susceptibility of Sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37 (3): 592-606.
• Carraro J.A.H., Bandini P., Salgado R. 2003. Liquefaction Resistance of Clean and Nonplastic Silty Sands Based on Cone Penetration Resistance. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129 (11), 965-976.
• Adalier K., Elgamal A. 2005. Liquefaction of Over-Consolidated Sand: A Centrifuge Investigation, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9 (1): 127-150.
• Liu C., Xu J. 2013. Experimental Study on the Effects of Initial Conditions on Liquefaction of Saturated and Unsaturated Sand. International Journal of Geomechanics, 15 (6): 04014100.
• Vaid Y., Chern J., Tumi H. 1985. Confining Pressure, Grain Angularity and Liquefaction. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 111 (10): 1229-1235.
• Yoshimi Y., Oh-oka H. 1975. Influence of Degree of Shear Stress Reversal on the Liquefaction Potential of Saturated Sand. Soils and Foundations, 15 (3): 27-40.
• Tatsuoka F., Toki S., Miura S., Kato H., Okamoto M., Yamada S., Yasuda S., Tanizawa F. 1986. Some Factors Affecting Cyclic Undrained Triaxial Strength of Sand. Soils and Foundations, 26 (3): 99-116.
• Polito C.P. 1999. The Effects of Non-plastic and Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction of Sandy Soils. Doctoral Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
• Wang X.H., Zhou H.L. 2003. Study on Dynamic Steady State Strength of Sand Soil Liquefaction. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 22: 96-102.
• Zhang S., Zhang Y.F., Zhang L.K., Liu C.J. 2015. Influence of Confining Pressure and Vibration Frequency on the Liquefaction Strength of the Saturated Gravel Sand. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 38: 68-71.
• Guo Y., He L. 2009. The Influences of the Vibration Frequencies on Liquefaction Strength of Saturated Sands. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering, 29: 618-623.
• Nong Z., Park S., Jeong S.W., Lee D.E. 2020. Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Liquefaction Prediction of Sand. Applied Sciences, 10 (13): 4502.
• Feng T., Zhang L. 2013. Experimental Study on Effect of Vibration Frequency on Dynamic Behaviors of Saturated Sands. Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, 11: 11-14.
• Mulilis J.P., Chan C.K., Seed H.B. 1975. The Effects of Method of Sample Preparation on The Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Sands (EERC Report 75-18). Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California.
• Dash H.K., Sithara T.G. 2016. Effect of Frequency of Cyclic Loading on Liquefaction and Dynamic Properties of Saturated Sand. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 10 (5): 487-492.
• Tsuchida H. 1970. Prediction and Countermeasure Against Liquefaction the Liquefaction in Sand Deposits. In Abstract of the Seminar, Port and Harbour Research Institute, 3.1-3.33.
• Zeybek A. 2022. Suggested Method of Specimen Preparation for Triaxial Tests on Partially Saturated Sand. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 45 (2).
• Eseller-Bayat E.E., Gulen D.B. 2020. Undrained Dynamic Response of Partially Saturated Sands Tested in A DSS-C Device. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 146 (11): 04020118.