Year 2024,
, 788 - 797, 26.09.2024
Hamdi Alkan
,
Özcan Bektaş
,
Aydın Büyüksaraç
References
- [1] İ. Ulusoy, Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l’Est Turquie) et risques naturels associes, PhD. Thesis, University of Clermont-Ferrand II, France & Hacettepe University, Turkey, 2008.
- [2] İ. Ulusoy, H. E. Çubukçu, E. Aydar, P. Labazuy, O. Ersoy, E. Şen, and A. Gourgaud, “Volcanological evolution and caldera forming eruptions of Mt. Nemrut (Eastern Turkey)”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 245-246, pp. 21-39, 2012.
- [3] H. E. Çubukçu, İ. Ulusoy, O. Ersoy, E. Aydar, E. Şen, A. Gourgaud, and H. Guillou, “Mt Nemrut Volcano (Eastern Turkey): Temporal petrological evolution”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 209-210, pp. 33-60, 2012.
- [4] Y.L. Ekinci, A. Büyüksaraç, Ö. Bektaş, and C. Ertekin, “Geophysical investigation of Mount Nemrut stratovolcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey) through aeromagnetic anomaly analyses”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 177, pp. 3243-3264, 2020.
- [5] C. Ertekin, Y.L. Ekinci, A. Büyüksaraç, and R. Ekinci, “ Geoheritage in a mythical and volcanic terrain: an inventory and assessment study for geopark and geotourism, Nemrut Volcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey)”, Geoheritage, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 73, 2021.
- [6] F. Şaroğlu, and Y. Güner, “Doğu Anadolu'nun Jeomorfolojik Gelişimine Etki Eden Ögeler: Jeomorfoloji, Tektonik, Volkanizma İlişkileri”, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 39-50, 1981.
- [7] A. Koçyiğit, A. Yılmaz, S. Adamia, and S. Kuloshvili, “Neotectonics of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting”, Geodin Acta, vol.14 pp. 177–195, 2001.
- [8] İ. Ulusoy, P. Labazuy, E. Aydar, O. Ersoy, Çubukçu E., “Structure of the Nemrut caldera (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) and associated hydrothermal fluid circulation”, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 74 pp. 269-283, 2008.
- [9] E. Işık, M.C. Aydın, A. Bakış, and M.H. Özlük, “Bitlis ve civarındaki faylar ve bölgenin depremselliği”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.153-169, 2012.
- [10] R. I. Tilling, and J. J., Dvorak, “Anatomy of a basaltic volcano”, Nature, vol. 363, pp. 125-132, 1993.
- [11] C. Troise, “Stress changes associated with volcanic sources: constraints on Kilauea rift dynamics”, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., vol. 109, pp.191-203, 2001.
- [12] S. Toda, R. Stein, and T. Sagiya, “Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity”, Nature, vol. 419, pp. 58-61, 2002.
- [13] C. Troise, F. Pingue, and G. De Natale, “Coulomb stress changes at calderas: Modeling the seismicity of Campi Flegrei (southern Italy)”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 108, no. B6, 2003.
- [14] T. R. Walter, and F. Amelung, “Influence of volcanic activity at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, on earthquake occurrence in the Kaoiki seismic zone”, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 31, no. 7, 2004.
- [15] C. Doubre, Structure et mecanique des segments de rift volcano-tectoniques: application aux rift anciens (Ecosse, Islande) et actifs (Asal-Ghoubbet), Doctoral dissertation, Universite´ du Maine, Le Mans, France, 2004.
- [16] G. R. Foulger, B. R. Julian, D. P. Hill, A. M. Pitt, P. E. Marlin, and E. Shalev, “Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing”, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., vol. 132, pp. 45-71, 2004.
- [17] G. R. Foulger, J. H. Natland, and D. L. Anderson, “Genesis of the Iceland melt anomaly by plate tectonic processes. In: Plates, Plumes and Paradigms (G.R. Foulger, J.H. Natland, D.C. Presnall and D.L. Anderson, eds)”, Geological Society of America, Boulder, vol. 388, pp.595-626, 2005.
- [18] J. Gargani, L. Geoffroy, S. Gac, and S. Cravoisier, “Fault slip and Coulomb stress variations around a pressured magma reservoir: consequences on seismicity and magma intrusion”, Terra Nova, vol. 18, no.6, pp. 403-411, 2006.
- [19] K. F. Lally, J. Caplan‐Auerbach, and J. A. Power, “Volcanic and tectonic sources of seismicity near the Tanaga volcanic cluster, Alaska”, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 24, no. 6, 2023.
- [20] A. Diaz-Moreno, A. Roca, A. Lamur, B. H. Munkli, T. Ilanko, T. D. Pering, A. Pineda, and S. De Angelis, “Characterization of Acoustic Infrasound Signals at Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala: A Baseline for Volcano Monitoring”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 8, 2020.
- [21] A. M. Iezzi, D. Fee, M. M. Haney, and J. J. Lyons, “Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 8, 2020.
- [22] A. Rohnacher, A. Rietbrock, E. Gottschämmer, W. Carter, Y. Lavallée, S. De Angelis, J. E. Kendrick, and G. Chigna, “Source Mechanism of Seismic Explosion Signals at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala: New Insights From Seismic Analysis and Numerical Modeling”, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 8, 2021.
- [23] A. Brogi, C. Alçiçek, C. Ç. Yalciner, E. Capezzuoli, D. Liotta, M. Meccheri, V. Rimondi, G. Ruggieri, A. Gandin, A. Büyüksaraç, H. Alçiçek, A. Bülbül, C. C. Shen, M. O. Baykara, and C. Boschi, “Hydrothermal fluids circulation and travertine deposition in an active tectonic setting: insights from the Kamara geothermal area (western Anatolia, Turkey)”, Tectonophysics, vol. 680, pp. 211-232, 2016.
- [24] F. Şaroğlu, O. Emre, and O. Kuşcu, “Active fault map of Turkey”, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey, 1992.
- [25] E. Bozkurt, E. “ Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis”, Geodinamica Acta, vol. 14, no. 1-3, pp. 3-30, 2001.
- [26] R. Reilinger, S. McClusky, P. Vernant, S. Lawrence, S. Ergintav, and R. Cakmak, “GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 111, no. B05411 pp. 1-26, 2006.
- [27] O. Emre, T. Y. Duman, S. Ozalp, H. Elmaci, S. Olgun, and F. Saroglu, “1/1.125.000 scale Active Fault Map of Turkey, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explorations Special Publications Series”, Ankara-Turkey, 2013.
- [28] Ö. Emre, T. Y. Duman, S. Özalp, F. Şaroğlu, Ş. Olgun, H. Elmacı, and T. Çan, “Active fault database of Turkey”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 16, no. 8, pp.3229-3275, 2018.
- [29] B. Akbaş, N. Akdeniz, A. Aksay, İ. E. Altun, V. Balcı, E. Bilginer, T. Bilgiç, M. Duru, T. Ercan, İ. Gedik, Y. Günay, İ. H. Güven, H. Y. Hakyemez, N. Konak, İ. Papak, Ş. Pehlivan, M. Sevin, M. Şenel, N. Tarhan, N. Turhan, A. Türkecan, Ü. Ulu, M. F. Uğuz, A. Yurtsever, and et al., “1:1.250.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası”, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara-Türkiye, 2011.
- [30] J. Gargani, L. Geoffroy, S. Gac, and S. Cravoisier, “Fault slip and Coulomb stress variations around a pressured magma reservoir: consequences on seismicity and magma intrusion”, Terra Nova, vol. 18, no. 6 pp. 403-411, 2006.
- [31] L. Ottemöller, P. H. Voss, and J. Havskov, SEISAN Earthquake Analysis Software for Windows, Solaris, Linux and Macosx, University of Bergen, Version 12.0., 607, 2021.
- [32] P. Reasenberg, and D. Oppenheimer, “Fpt, fpplot, and fppage: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying earthquake fault plane solutions”, Technical report, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1985.
- [33] D. Suetsugu, “Practice on source mechanism”, iisee lecture note, Technical report, Tsukuba, Japan, 1998.
- [34] H. Alkan, S. Öztürk, and İ. Akkaya, “ Analysis of Coulomb stress transfer and earthquake hazard in the Çaldıran Fault Zone and its adjacent region”, Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 519-534, 2023.
- [35] G. C. King, R. S. Stein, and J. Lin, “Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 935-953, 1994.
- [36] R. Stein, “The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence”, Nature, vol. 402, pp. 605-609, 1999.
- [37] S. Toda, R. S. Stein, and J. Lin, “Widespread seismicity excitation throughout central Japan following the 2011 M=9.0 Tohoku earthquake and its interpretation by Coulomb stress transfer”, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 38, no. 7, 2011.
- [38] T. Parsons, “Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis”, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, 2002.
- [39] Ö. Bektaş, D. Ravat, A. Büyüksaraç, F. Bilim, and A. Ateş, “Regional Geothermal Characterisation of East Anatolia from Aeromagnetic, Heat Flow and Gravity Data”, Pure appl. geophys., vol. 164, pp. 975-998, 2007.
- [40] J. H. Sass, and A. H. Lachenbruch, “Heat flow and conduction-dominated thermal regimes, Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States”, United States Geological Survey Circular, vol. 790, pp. 8-11, 1978.
- [41] I. S. Peretyazhko, E. A. Savina, and N. S. Karmanov, “Comendites and pantellerites of Nemrut volcano, eastern Turkey: Genesis and relations between the trachyte-comenditic, comenditic, and pantelleritic melts”, Petrology, vol. 23, pp. 576-622, 2015.
- [42] S. Öztürk, and Y. Bayrak, “ Spatial variations of precursory seismic quiescence observed in recent years in the eastern part of Turkey”, Acta Geophys.,vol. 60, pp. 92-118, 2012.
- [43] S. Öztürk, “Space-time assessing of the earthquake potential in recent years in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 67-75, 2017.
- [44] S. Öztürk, “Earthquake hazard potential in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey: seismotectonic b and Dc-values and precursory quiescence Z-value”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 12, pp. 215-236, 2018.
- [45] H. Alkan, and E. Bayrak, “Coulomb stress changes and magnitude-frequency distribution for Lake Van region”, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 168, no.168, pp. 141-156, 2022.
- [46] S. Öztürk, and H. Alkan, “ Multiple parameter analysis for assessing and forecasting earthquake hazards in the Lake Van region, Turkey”, Baltica, vol. 36, no.2, pp. 133-154, 2023.
- [47] P. Wessel, J. F. Luis, L. Uieda, R. Scharroo, F. Wobbe, W. H. F. Smith, and D. Tian, “The Generic Mapping Tools version 6”, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, vol. 20, pp. 5556-5564, 2019.
Coulomb Stress Analysis in Nemrut Caldera (East Anatolia, Türkiye)
Year 2024,
, 788 - 797, 26.09.2024
Hamdi Alkan
,
Özcan Bektaş
,
Aydın Büyüksaraç
Abstract
In volcanic areas, seismic events with low energy occur before seismic activity or due to the movement observed in the magma. These earthquakes, which are caused by the expansion-contraction movement that has been revealed in different studies and is mostly observed in the magma chamber, can be recorded with continuous observations. On the other hand, it is not easy to distinguish between tectonic and volcanic origins of earthquakes occurring in volcanic areas. In this study, Coulomb stress analysis was carried out using earthquakes in the Nemrut Stratovolcano, which is located in the eastern Türkiye and is at the westernmost end of a volcano arc, and it was concluded that the stress is related to the Nemrut Caldera, therefore the positive stress caused by the expansion of the magma chamber of the Nemrut Volcano creates tremors.
References
- [1] İ. Ulusoy, Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l’Est Turquie) et risques naturels associes, PhD. Thesis, University of Clermont-Ferrand II, France & Hacettepe University, Turkey, 2008.
- [2] İ. Ulusoy, H. E. Çubukçu, E. Aydar, P. Labazuy, O. Ersoy, E. Şen, and A. Gourgaud, “Volcanological evolution and caldera forming eruptions of Mt. Nemrut (Eastern Turkey)”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 245-246, pp. 21-39, 2012.
- [3] H. E. Çubukçu, İ. Ulusoy, O. Ersoy, E. Aydar, E. Şen, A. Gourgaud, and H. Guillou, “Mt Nemrut Volcano (Eastern Turkey): Temporal petrological evolution”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol. 209-210, pp. 33-60, 2012.
- [4] Y.L. Ekinci, A. Büyüksaraç, Ö. Bektaş, and C. Ertekin, “Geophysical investigation of Mount Nemrut stratovolcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey) through aeromagnetic anomaly analyses”, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 177, pp. 3243-3264, 2020.
- [5] C. Ertekin, Y.L. Ekinci, A. Büyüksaraç, and R. Ekinci, “ Geoheritage in a mythical and volcanic terrain: an inventory and assessment study for geopark and geotourism, Nemrut Volcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey)”, Geoheritage, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 73, 2021.
- [6] F. Şaroğlu, and Y. Güner, “Doğu Anadolu'nun Jeomorfolojik Gelişimine Etki Eden Ögeler: Jeomorfoloji, Tektonik, Volkanizma İlişkileri”, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 39-50, 1981.
- [7] A. Koçyiğit, A. Yılmaz, S. Adamia, and S. Kuloshvili, “Neotectonics of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting”, Geodin Acta, vol.14 pp. 177–195, 2001.
- [8] İ. Ulusoy, P. Labazuy, E. Aydar, O. Ersoy, Çubukçu E., “Structure of the Nemrut caldera (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) and associated hydrothermal fluid circulation”, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., vol. 74 pp. 269-283, 2008.
- [9] E. Işık, M.C. Aydın, A. Bakış, and M.H. Özlük, “Bitlis ve civarındaki faylar ve bölgenin depremselliği”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.153-169, 2012.
- [10] R. I. Tilling, and J. J., Dvorak, “Anatomy of a basaltic volcano”, Nature, vol. 363, pp. 125-132, 1993.
- [11] C. Troise, “Stress changes associated with volcanic sources: constraints on Kilauea rift dynamics”, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., vol. 109, pp.191-203, 2001.
- [12] S. Toda, R. Stein, and T. Sagiya, “Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity”, Nature, vol. 419, pp. 58-61, 2002.
- [13] C. Troise, F. Pingue, and G. De Natale, “Coulomb stress changes at calderas: Modeling the seismicity of Campi Flegrei (southern Italy)”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol. 108, no. B6, 2003.
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- [15] C. Doubre, Structure et mecanique des segments de rift volcano-tectoniques: application aux rift anciens (Ecosse, Islande) et actifs (Asal-Ghoubbet), Doctoral dissertation, Universite´ du Maine, Le Mans, France, 2004.
- [16] G. R. Foulger, B. R. Julian, D. P. Hill, A. M. Pitt, P. E. Marlin, and E. Shalev, “Non-double-couple microearthquakes at Long Valley caldera, California, provide evidence for hydraulic fracturing”, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., vol. 132, pp. 45-71, 2004.
- [17] G. R. Foulger, J. H. Natland, and D. L. Anderson, “Genesis of the Iceland melt anomaly by plate tectonic processes. In: Plates, Plumes and Paradigms (G.R. Foulger, J.H. Natland, D.C. Presnall and D.L. Anderson, eds)”, Geological Society of America, Boulder, vol. 388, pp.595-626, 2005.
- [18] J. Gargani, L. Geoffroy, S. Gac, and S. Cravoisier, “Fault slip and Coulomb stress variations around a pressured magma reservoir: consequences on seismicity and magma intrusion”, Terra Nova, vol. 18, no.6, pp. 403-411, 2006.
- [19] K. F. Lally, J. Caplan‐Auerbach, and J. A. Power, “Volcanic and tectonic sources of seismicity near the Tanaga volcanic cluster, Alaska”, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol. 24, no. 6, 2023.
- [20] A. Diaz-Moreno, A. Roca, A. Lamur, B. H. Munkli, T. Ilanko, T. D. Pering, A. Pineda, and S. De Angelis, “Characterization of Acoustic Infrasound Signals at Volcán de Fuego, Guatemala: A Baseline for Volcano Monitoring”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 8, 2020.
- [21] A. M. Iezzi, D. Fee, M. M. Haney, and J. J. Lyons, “Seismo-Acoustic Characterization of Mount Cleveland Volcano Explosions”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 8, 2020.
- [22] A. Rohnacher, A. Rietbrock, E. Gottschämmer, W. Carter, Y. Lavallée, S. De Angelis, J. E. Kendrick, and G. Chigna, “Source Mechanism of Seismic Explosion Signals at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala: New Insights From Seismic Analysis and Numerical Modeling”, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol. 8, 2021.
- [23] A. Brogi, C. Alçiçek, C. Ç. Yalciner, E. Capezzuoli, D. Liotta, M. Meccheri, V. Rimondi, G. Ruggieri, A. Gandin, A. Büyüksaraç, H. Alçiçek, A. Bülbül, C. C. Shen, M. O. Baykara, and C. Boschi, “Hydrothermal fluids circulation and travertine deposition in an active tectonic setting: insights from the Kamara geothermal area (western Anatolia, Turkey)”, Tectonophysics, vol. 680, pp. 211-232, 2016.
- [24] F. Şaroğlu, O. Emre, and O. Kuşcu, “Active fault map of Turkey”, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey, 1992.
- [25] E. Bozkurt, E. “ Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis”, Geodinamica Acta, vol. 14, no. 1-3, pp. 3-30, 2001.
- [26] R. Reilinger, S. McClusky, P. Vernant, S. Lawrence, S. Ergintav, and R. Cakmak, “GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions”, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 111, no. B05411 pp. 1-26, 2006.
- [27] O. Emre, T. Y. Duman, S. Ozalp, H. Elmaci, S. Olgun, and F. Saroglu, “1/1.125.000 scale Active Fault Map of Turkey, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explorations Special Publications Series”, Ankara-Turkey, 2013.
- [28] Ö. Emre, T. Y. Duman, S. Özalp, F. Şaroğlu, Ş. Olgun, H. Elmacı, and T. Çan, “Active fault database of Turkey”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 16, no. 8, pp.3229-3275, 2018.
- [29] B. Akbaş, N. Akdeniz, A. Aksay, İ. E. Altun, V. Balcı, E. Bilginer, T. Bilgiç, M. Duru, T. Ercan, İ. Gedik, Y. Günay, İ. H. Güven, H. Y. Hakyemez, N. Konak, İ. Papak, Ş. Pehlivan, M. Sevin, M. Şenel, N. Tarhan, N. Turhan, A. Türkecan, Ü. Ulu, M. F. Uğuz, A. Yurtsever, and et al., “1:1.250.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası”, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara-Türkiye, 2011.
- [30] J. Gargani, L. Geoffroy, S. Gac, and S. Cravoisier, “Fault slip and Coulomb stress variations around a pressured magma reservoir: consequences on seismicity and magma intrusion”, Terra Nova, vol. 18, no. 6 pp. 403-411, 2006.
- [31] L. Ottemöller, P. H. Voss, and J. Havskov, SEISAN Earthquake Analysis Software for Windows, Solaris, Linux and Macosx, University of Bergen, Version 12.0., 607, 2021.
- [32] P. Reasenberg, and D. Oppenheimer, “Fpt, fpplot, and fppage: Fortran computer programs for calculating and displaying earthquake fault plane solutions”, Technical report, U.S. Geol. Survey, 1985.
- [33] D. Suetsugu, “Practice on source mechanism”, iisee lecture note, Technical report, Tsukuba, Japan, 1998.
- [34] H. Alkan, S. Öztürk, and İ. Akkaya, “ Analysis of Coulomb stress transfer and earthquake hazard in the Çaldıran Fault Zone and its adjacent region”, Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 519-534, 2023.
- [35] G. C. King, R. S. Stein, and J. Lin, “Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 935-953, 1994.
- [36] R. Stein, “The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence”, Nature, vol. 402, pp. 605-609, 1999.
- [37] S. Toda, R. S. Stein, and J. Lin, “Widespread seismicity excitation throughout central Japan following the 2011 M=9.0 Tohoku earthquake and its interpretation by Coulomb stress transfer”, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 38, no. 7, 2011.
- [38] T. Parsons, “Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis”, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, 2002.
- [39] Ö. Bektaş, D. Ravat, A. Büyüksaraç, F. Bilim, and A. Ateş, “Regional Geothermal Characterisation of East Anatolia from Aeromagnetic, Heat Flow and Gravity Data”, Pure appl. geophys., vol. 164, pp. 975-998, 2007.
- [40] J. H. Sass, and A. H. Lachenbruch, “Heat flow and conduction-dominated thermal regimes, Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States”, United States Geological Survey Circular, vol. 790, pp. 8-11, 1978.
- [41] I. S. Peretyazhko, E. A. Savina, and N. S. Karmanov, “Comendites and pantellerites of Nemrut volcano, eastern Turkey: Genesis and relations between the trachyte-comenditic, comenditic, and pantelleritic melts”, Petrology, vol. 23, pp. 576-622, 2015.
- [42] S. Öztürk, and Y. Bayrak, “ Spatial variations of precursory seismic quiescence observed in recent years in the eastern part of Turkey”, Acta Geophys.,vol. 60, pp. 92-118, 2012.
- [43] S. Öztürk, “Space-time assessing of the earthquake potential in recent years in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey”, Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 67-75, 2017.
- [44] S. Öztürk, “Earthquake hazard potential in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey: seismotectonic b and Dc-values and precursory quiescence Z-value”, Front. Earth Sci., vol. 12, pp. 215-236, 2018.
- [45] H. Alkan, and E. Bayrak, “Coulomb stress changes and magnitude-frequency distribution for Lake Van region”, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, vol. 168, no.168, pp. 141-156, 2022.
- [46] S. Öztürk, and H. Alkan, “ Multiple parameter analysis for assessing and forecasting earthquake hazards in the Lake Van region, Turkey”, Baltica, vol. 36, no.2, pp. 133-154, 2023.
- [47] P. Wessel, J. F. Luis, L. Uieda, R. Scharroo, F. Wobbe, W. H. F. Smith, and D. Tian, “The Generic Mapping Tools version 6”, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, vol. 20, pp. 5556-5564, 2019.