Design and Analysis of Luenberger Observer with Aggressive Pole Placement for Buck Converter

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 2137 - 2154, 31.12.2025

Fatih Evran

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1708528

Abstract

This study presents the design and analysis of a Luenberger observer with aggressively placed poles for a buck DC–DC converter. The objective is to estimate the inductor current and output voltage using only the measured output voltage, thereby enabling state feedback control in systems where current sensing is impractical or costly. A state-space model of the converter is derived, and the observer poles are placed sufficiently far in the left-half plane to ensure rapid estimation-error decay while maintaining numerical robustness. To validate the performance of the observer, MATLAB simulations are conducted under both nominal conditions and step changes in load and input voltage. Even when faced with abrupt disturbances, the results demonstrate that the proposed observer accurately reconstructs the unmeasured state variables with minimal delay, highlighting its robust performance. This makes the proposed observer a promising approach for advanced control schemes where full state feedback is essential.

Keywords

Luenberger observer , Buck dc-dc converter , Average state-space equation , State estimation.

Ethical Statement

The study is complied with research and publication ethics.

References

• F. Evran and M. T. Aydemir, "Isolated High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Low Voltage Stress," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 3591-3603, July 2014.
• F. Evran and M. T. Aydemir, “Z-source-based isolated high step-up converter,” IET Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 117–124, 2013.
• F. Evran, “Grid-connected inverter,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1420–1429, 2018.
• V. Nicolau, “On PID controller design by combining pole placement technique with symmetrical optimum criterion,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol. 2013, no. 1, Art. no. 316827, 2013.
• S. Das, K. Halder and A. Gupta, "Delay Handling Method in Dominant Pole Placement Based PID Controller Design," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 980-991, Feb. 2020.
• Z. Wang, S. Li and Q. Li, "Continuous Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Boost Converters Subject to Time-Varying Disturbances," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 2552-2556, Nov. 2020.
• C. -Y. Chan, "Adaptive Sliding-Mode Control of a Novel Buck-Boost Converter Based on Zeta Converter," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1307-1311, March 2022.
• H. Komurcugil, S. Biricik and N. Guler, "Indirect Sliding Mode Control for DC–DC SEPIC Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 4099-4108, June 2020.
• F. Evran, “Azaltan DA-DA dönüştürücüsü için kayma kip denetleyici tasarımı,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 519–530, 2019.
• C. Zheng, T. Dragičević, J. Zhang, R. Chen and F. Blaabjerg, "Composite Robust Quasi-Sliding Mode Control of DC–DC Buck Converter With Constant Power Loads," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1455-1464, April 2021.
• F. Evran, “Azaltan ve yükselten DA–DA dönüştürücüleri için tek çevrim denetleyici tasarımı,” Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 757–768, 2019.
• J. Fei and D. Jiang, "Fuzzy Neural Network Sliding-Mode Controller for DC-DC Buck Converter," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 11, no. 19, pp. 31575-31586, 1 Oct.1, 2024.
• P. Mattavelli, L. Rossetto, G. Spiazzi and P. Tenti, "General-purpose fuzzy controller for DC-DC converters," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 79-86, Jan. 1997.
• B. Ullah, H. Ullah and S. Khalid, "Direct Model Predictive Control of Noninverting Buck-boost DC-DC Converter," in CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 332-339, September 2022.
• O. Babayomi, Z. Zhang and Z. Li, "Model-Free Predictive Control of DC–DC Boost Converters: Sensor Noise Suppression With Hybrid Extended State Observers," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 245-259, Jan. 2024.
• J. K. Banda, D. D. S. Mota and E. Tedeschi, "A Physics-Informed Scaling Method for Power Electronic Converters in Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Beds," in IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, vol. 5, pp. 1-14, 2024.
• Kyo-Beum Lee and F. Blaabjerg, "Reduced-order extended luenberger observer based sensorless vector control driven by matrix converter with nonlinearity compensation," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 66-75, Feb. 2006.
• H. Renaudineau, J. -P. Martin, B. Nahid-Mobarakeh and S. Pierfederici, "DC–DC Converters Dynamic Modeling With State Observer-Based Parameter Estimation," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 3356-3363, June 2015.
• N. N. Nam, N. -D. Nguyen and Y. I. Lee, "Model Predictive Control for a Voltage Sensorless Grid-Connected Inverter With LCL Filter Using Lumped Disturbance Observer," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3050-3063, June 2023.
• P. Pal, R. K. Behera and U. R. Muduli, "Eliminating Current Sensor Dependencies in DAB Converters Using a Luenberger Observer-Based Hybrid Approach," in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 6380-6392, July-Aug. 2024.
• G. Li, J. He and X. Liu, "A DC Voltage Robust Control Strategy of Boost Converter Based on Load Impedance and Input Voltage Observation," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 7947-7956, May 2024.
• S. K. Pandey, S. L. Patil, U. M. Chaskar and S. B. Phadke, "State and Disturbance Observer-Based Integral Sliding Mode Controlled Boost DC–DC Converters," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1567-1571, Sept. 2019.
• X. Lin, J. Liu, F. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Gao and G. Sun, "Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Approach of Buck Converters With Mismatched Disturbances," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 3890-3900, Sept. 2021.
• S. Rout and S. Das, "Online State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Using a Fault Tolerant and Noise Immune Threefold Modified Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter," in IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 9366-9380, Dec. 2024.
• M. Abdolahi, J. Adabi and S. Y. M. Mousavi, "An Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter With Passivity-Based Control for DC-DC Converter in DC Microgrids Supplying Constant Power Loads," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 4873-4882, May 2024.
• A. Barros, E. Peretti, D. Fabroni, D. Carrera, P. Fragneto and G. Boracchi, "Adaptive Extended Kalman Filtering for Battery State of Charge Estimation on STM32," in IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 160-163, June 2025.