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Self-Healing In Smart Grid: A Review

Year 2018, , 492 - 503, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.460164

Abstract

Today's
power systems are based on Tesla's design principles developed in the 1880s and
have evolved over time to become the current aspect. Although communication
technology is developing very fast, the development of power systems has not been
able to keep up with it. Because the structure of the power system used is
generally far behind and is unable to respond the needs of the 21st century.
With the rapid development of today's technology, it has become possible to
make the electricity network better by utilizing the computer and network
technologies in the electricity networks. Thus, the electricity networks will
provide a sustainable, safe and uninterrupted energy to the consumers by
providing bi-directional data and electricity flow. The grids that can do this
are called smart grids. One of the most important features of smart grid is
that; in the case of a possible outage or fault, self-healing by continuing to
provide energy flow. In this article, self-healing algorithms and their application
areas were surveyed using publications between 2003 and 2017. In the concept of
self-healing, especially transmission, distribution, micro grids, transient
state stability and cyber attack are mentioned.

References

  • [1] C.F. Calvillo, A. Sánchez-Miralles, J. Villar. Energy management and planning in smart cities. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;55:273-87.
  • [2] M. Muthamizh Selvam, R. Gnanadass, N.P. Padhy. Initiatives and technical challenges in smart distribution grid. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;58:911-7.
  • [3] R. Bayindir, I. Colak, G. Fulli, K. Demirtas. Smart grid technologies and applications.In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;66:499-6.
  • [4] B.B. Alagoz, A. Kaygusuz, A. Karabiber. A user-mode distributed energy management architecture for smart grid applications. Energy 2012;44(1):167-77.
  • [5] Kaygusuz A., Keles C., Alagoz B. B., Karabiber A. Renewable energy integration for smart sites. Energy and Buildings 2013;64:456-62.
  • [6] ERGEG. Position paper on smart grids. An ERGEG public consultation paper 2009.
  • [7] Luis M. Camarinha-Matos . Collaborative smart grids – A survey on trends. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;65:283-94.
  • [8] M. A. Elgenedy, A. M. Massoud and S. Ahmed. Smart grid self-healing: Functions, applications, and developments. First Workshop on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Doha (SGRE); 2015. p. 1-6.
  • [9] Stephens, Jennie & Wilson, Elizabeth & Peterson, Tarla & Meadowcroft, James. Getting Smart: Climate Change and the Electric Grid. Challenges 2013;4:201-16.
  • [10] Mahmood, Anzar & Javaid, Nadeem & Khan, Muhammad & Razzaq, Sohail. An overview of load management techniques in smart grid. International Journal of Energy Research 2015;39(11):1437-50.
  • [11] D. Ghosh, R. Sharman, H. R. Rao, and S. Upadhyaya. Self-healing systems - survey and synthesis. Decis. Support Syst 2007;42(4):2164-85.
  • [12] Dhend, Mangal & Hari Chile, Rajan. Fault Diagnosis in Smart Distribution System Using Smart Sensors and Entropy.Advanced in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2018;623-631.[13] A. Bose. Smart transmission grid applications and their supporting infrastructure. IEEE Trns. Smart Grid 2010;1(1):11-9.
  • [14] F. Li, W. Qiao, H. Sun, H. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Xia, Z. Xu, and P. Zhang. Smart transmission grid: Vision and framework. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2010;1(2):168-77.
  • [15] H. Ma, K. W. Chan and M. Liu. An Intelligent Control Scheme to Support Voltage of Smart Power Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2013;9(3):1405-14.
  • [16] S. A. Arefifar, Y. A. R. I. Mohamed and T. H. M. EL-Fouly. Comprehensive Operational Planning Framework for Self-Healing Control Actions in Smart Distribution Grids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2013;28(4):4192-00.
  • [17] Y. Yan, Y. Qian, H. Sharif and D. Tipper. A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Communications. In IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 2012;14(4):998-10.
  • [18] Z. Jiao, K. Men and J. Zhong. A control strategy to fast relieve overload in a self-healing smart grid.2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting San Diego CA;2012.p.1-7.
  • [19] T. Ghanbari and E. Farjah. Unidirectional fault current limiter: an efficient interface between the microgrid and main network. IEEE Trans. Power Syst 2013;28(2):1591-98.
  • [20] Wang, J.; Yang, Q.; Sima, W.; Yuan, T.; Zahn, M. A Smart Online Over-Voltage Monitoring and Identification System. Energies 2011;4(4):599-15.
  • [21] S. A. Arefifar, Y. A. I. Mohamed, and T. H. M. EL-Fouly. Comprehensive operational planning framework for self-healing control actions in smart distribution grids. IEEE Trans. Power Syst 2013;28(4):4192-00.
  • [22] Liu Qianqian, X. Zeng, Ma Xue and Li Xiang. A new smart distribution grid fault self-healing system based on traveling-wave. 2013 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Lake Buena Vista, FL;2013. p.1-6.
  • [23] Ahadi, A., Ghadimi, N. and Mirabbasi, D. An analytical methodology for assessment of smart monitoring impact on future electric power distribution system reliability. Complexity 2015;21:99–113.
  • [24] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. B. Jensen, and C. L. Bak. A simple adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed generation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2011;2(3):428-37.
  • [25] J. D. Nieto, D. Remon, A. M. Cantarellas, C. Koch-Ciobotaru and P. Rodriguez. Overview of intelligent substation automation in distribution systems. 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) Buzios;2015. p. 922-927.
  • [26] S. Alwala, A. Feliachi and M. A. Choudhry. Multi Agent System based fault location and isolation in a smart microgrid system. 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), Washington DC;2012. p. 1-4.[27] M. M. Eissa. Protection technique for complex distribution smart grid using wireless token ring protocol. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012;3(3):1106-18.
  • [28] X. Qiang, G. Haibin, F. Xugang and C. Zhenzhi. Research on self-healing strategy of smart distribution grid based on improved ant colony algorithm. 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) Yinchuan; 2016. p. 390-395.
  • [29] K. Seethalekshmi, S. N.Singh, and S. C. Srivastava. A synchrophasor assisted frequency and voltage stability based load shedding scheme for self-healing of power system. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012;2(2):221-30.
  • [30] X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang. Smart Grid – the new and improved power grid: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials 2012;14(2):944-80.
  • [31] A. Elmitwally, M. Elsaid, M. Elgamal and Z. Chen. A Fuzzy-Multiagent Self-Healing Scheme for a Distribution System With Distributed Generations. in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2015;30(5):2612-22.
  • [32] M. Eriksson, M. Armendariz, O. O. Vasilenko, A. Saleem and L. Nordström. Multiagent-Based Distribution Automation Solution for Self-Healing Grids. In IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2015;62(4):2620-28.
  • [33] D. Jin et al. Toward a Cyber Resilient and Secure Microgrid Using Software-Defined Networking. in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2017;8(5):2494-04.
  • [34] D.Q. Oliveira, A.C. Zambroni de Souza, M.V. Santos, A.B. Almeida, B.I.L. Lopes, O.R. Saavedra. A fuzzy-based approach for microgrids islanded operation. In Electric Power Systems Research 2017;149:178-89.
  • [35] R. H. Lasseter. Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids. Proc. IEEE 2011;99(6):1074-82.
  • [36] L. Gomes, P. Faria, H. Morais, Z. Vale, and C. Ramos.Distributed, agent-based intelligent system for demand response program simulation in smart grids. IEEE Intell. Syst 2014;29(1):56-65.
  • [37] Karabiber A., Keles C., Kaygusuz A., Alagoz B. B. An approach for the integration of renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC microgrids. Renewable Energy 2013;52:251-59.
  • [38] M. Monadi, C. Gavriluta, A. Luna, J. I. Candela and P. Rodriguez. Centralized Protection Strategy for Medium Voltage DC Microgrids. in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2017;32(1):430-40.
  • [39] J. Momoh. Smart grid fundamentals of design and analysis. Piscataway, NJ: Wiley;2012.
  • [40] J. De La Ree, V. Centeno, J. S. Thorp and A. G. Phadke. Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems. In IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2010;1(1):20-27.
  • [41] M. M. Monshi and O. A. Mohammed. A study on the efficient wireless sensor networks for operation monitoring and control in smart grid applications. Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon Jacksonville FL; 2013. p. 1-5.
  • [42] H. Gharavi and Bin Hu. 4-way handshaking protection for wireless mesh network security in smart grid,. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) Atlanta GA; 2013. p. 790-795.
  • [43] Mu. Jiasong; Song, Wei; Wang, Wei; et al. Self-healing hierarchical architecture for ZigBee network in smart grid application . International Journal of Sensor Networks 2015;17(2):130-37.
  • [44] S. Galli, A. Scaglione, and Zhifang Wang. For the grid and through the grid: the role of power line communications in the smart grid. Proc. IEEE 2011;99(6):998-27.
  • [45] S. Shitharth, D. Prince Winston. A Comparative Analysis between Two Countermeasure Techniques to Detect DDoS with Sniffers in a SCADA Network. In Procedia Technology 2015;21:179-86.
  • [46] C.F. Calvillo, A. Sánchez-Miralles, J. Villar. Energy management and planning in smart cities. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;55:273-87.
  • [47] Yao Zhang, Wei Chen, Weijun Gao. A survey on the development status and challenges of smart grids in main driver countries. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017;79:137-47.
  • [48] Chunming Tu, Xi He, Zhikang Shuai, Fei Jiang. Big data issues in smart grid – A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017;79:1099-07.
  • [49] S.M. Ali, M. Jawad, B. Khan, C.A. Mehmood, N. Zeb, A. Tanoli, U. Farid, J. Glower, S.U. Khan. Wide area smart grid architectural model and control: A survey. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;64:311-28.
  • [50] Haibo You, V. Vittal and Zhong Yang. Self-healing in power systems: an approach using islanding and rate of frequency decline-based load shedding. In IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2003;18(1):174-81.[51] N. Moaddabi, S. H. Hosseinian & G. B. Gharehpetian. Practical Framework for Self-Healing of Smart Grids in Stable/Unstable Power Swing Conditions. Electric Power Components and Systems 2012;40: 575-96.
  • [52] N. Moaddabi & G. B. Gharehpetian.Wide-area Method for Self-healing of Smart Grids in Unstable Oscillations. Electric Power Components and Systems 2013;41(4):365-82.
  • [53] A. Behfarnia and A. Eslami. Dynamics and Steady-State Behavior of Self-Healing Cyber-Physical Networks in Light of Cyber-Node Delays. IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Washington DC; 2016. p. 1-6.
  • [54] Rafał Leszczyna. Cybersecurity and privacy in standards for smart grids – A comprehensive survey. In Computer Standards & Interfaces 2018;56:62-73.
  • [55] H. Lin et al. Self-Healing Attack-Resilient PMU Network for Power System Operation. In IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2016;PP(99):1-15.
  • [56] Jianhui Wang. A Resilient Self-Healing Cyber Security Framework for Power Grid. Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems Peer Review;2016.
Year 2018, , 492 - 503, 28.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.460164

Abstract

References

  • [1] C.F. Calvillo, A. Sánchez-Miralles, J. Villar. Energy management and planning in smart cities. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;55:273-87.
  • [2] M. Muthamizh Selvam, R. Gnanadass, N.P. Padhy. Initiatives and technical challenges in smart distribution grid. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;58:911-7.
  • [3] R. Bayindir, I. Colak, G. Fulli, K. Demirtas. Smart grid technologies and applications.In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;66:499-6.
  • [4] B.B. Alagoz, A. Kaygusuz, A. Karabiber. A user-mode distributed energy management architecture for smart grid applications. Energy 2012;44(1):167-77.
  • [5] Kaygusuz A., Keles C., Alagoz B. B., Karabiber A. Renewable energy integration for smart sites. Energy and Buildings 2013;64:456-62.
  • [6] ERGEG. Position paper on smart grids. An ERGEG public consultation paper 2009.
  • [7] Luis M. Camarinha-Matos . Collaborative smart grids – A survey on trends. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;65:283-94.
  • [8] M. A. Elgenedy, A. M. Massoud and S. Ahmed. Smart grid self-healing: Functions, applications, and developments. First Workshop on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Doha (SGRE); 2015. p. 1-6.
  • [9] Stephens, Jennie & Wilson, Elizabeth & Peterson, Tarla & Meadowcroft, James. Getting Smart: Climate Change and the Electric Grid. Challenges 2013;4:201-16.
  • [10] Mahmood, Anzar & Javaid, Nadeem & Khan, Muhammad & Razzaq, Sohail. An overview of load management techniques in smart grid. International Journal of Energy Research 2015;39(11):1437-50.
  • [11] D. Ghosh, R. Sharman, H. R. Rao, and S. Upadhyaya. Self-healing systems - survey and synthesis. Decis. Support Syst 2007;42(4):2164-85.
  • [12] Dhend, Mangal & Hari Chile, Rajan. Fault Diagnosis in Smart Distribution System Using Smart Sensors and Entropy.Advanced in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2018;623-631.[13] A. Bose. Smart transmission grid applications and their supporting infrastructure. IEEE Trns. Smart Grid 2010;1(1):11-9.
  • [14] F. Li, W. Qiao, H. Sun, H. Wan, J. Wang, Y. Xia, Z. Xu, and P. Zhang. Smart transmission grid: Vision and framework. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2010;1(2):168-77.
  • [15] H. Ma, K. W. Chan and M. Liu. An Intelligent Control Scheme to Support Voltage of Smart Power Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2013;9(3):1405-14.
  • [16] S. A. Arefifar, Y. A. R. I. Mohamed and T. H. M. EL-Fouly. Comprehensive Operational Planning Framework for Self-Healing Control Actions in Smart Distribution Grids. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2013;28(4):4192-00.
  • [17] Y. Yan, Y. Qian, H. Sharif and D. Tipper. A Survey on Cyber Security for Smart Grid Communications. In IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 2012;14(4):998-10.
  • [18] Z. Jiao, K. Men and J. Zhong. A control strategy to fast relieve overload in a self-healing smart grid.2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting San Diego CA;2012.p.1-7.
  • [19] T. Ghanbari and E. Farjah. Unidirectional fault current limiter: an efficient interface between the microgrid and main network. IEEE Trans. Power Syst 2013;28(2):1591-98.
  • [20] Wang, J.; Yang, Q.; Sima, W.; Yuan, T.; Zahn, M. A Smart Online Over-Voltage Monitoring and Identification System. Energies 2011;4(4):599-15.
  • [21] S. A. Arefifar, Y. A. I. Mohamed, and T. H. M. EL-Fouly. Comprehensive operational planning framework for self-healing control actions in smart distribution grids. IEEE Trans. Power Syst 2013;28(4):4192-00.
  • [22] Liu Qianqian, X. Zeng, Ma Xue and Li Xiang. A new smart distribution grid fault self-healing system based on traveling-wave. 2013 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting Lake Buena Vista, FL;2013. p.1-6.
  • [23] Ahadi, A., Ghadimi, N. and Mirabbasi, D. An analytical methodology for assessment of smart monitoring impact on future electric power distribution system reliability. Complexity 2015;21:99–113.
  • [24] P. Mahat, Z. Chen, B. B. Jensen, and C. L. Bak. A simple adaptive overcurrent protection of distribution systems with distributed generation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2011;2(3):428-37.
  • [25] J. D. Nieto, D. Remon, A. M. Cantarellas, C. Koch-Ciobotaru and P. Rodriguez. Overview of intelligent substation automation in distribution systems. 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE) Buzios;2015. p. 922-927.
  • [26] S. Alwala, A. Feliachi and M. A. Choudhry. Multi Agent System based fault location and isolation in a smart microgrid system. 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), Washington DC;2012. p. 1-4.[27] M. M. Eissa. Protection technique for complex distribution smart grid using wireless token ring protocol. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012;3(3):1106-18.
  • [28] X. Qiang, G. Haibin, F. Xugang and C. Zhenzhi. Research on self-healing strategy of smart distribution grid based on improved ant colony algorithm. 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) Yinchuan; 2016. p. 390-395.
  • [29] K. Seethalekshmi, S. N.Singh, and S. C. Srivastava. A synchrophasor assisted frequency and voltage stability based load shedding scheme for self-healing of power system. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012;2(2):221-30.
  • [30] X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang. Smart Grid – the new and improved power grid: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutorials 2012;14(2):944-80.
  • [31] A. Elmitwally, M. Elsaid, M. Elgamal and Z. Chen. A Fuzzy-Multiagent Self-Healing Scheme for a Distribution System With Distributed Generations. in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2015;30(5):2612-22.
  • [32] M. Eriksson, M. Armendariz, O. O. Vasilenko, A. Saleem and L. Nordström. Multiagent-Based Distribution Automation Solution for Self-Healing Grids. In IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2015;62(4):2620-28.
  • [33] D. Jin et al. Toward a Cyber Resilient and Secure Microgrid Using Software-Defined Networking. in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2017;8(5):2494-04.
  • [34] D.Q. Oliveira, A.C. Zambroni de Souza, M.V. Santos, A.B. Almeida, B.I.L. Lopes, O.R. Saavedra. A fuzzy-based approach for microgrids islanded operation. In Electric Power Systems Research 2017;149:178-89.
  • [35] R. H. Lasseter. Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids. Proc. IEEE 2011;99(6):1074-82.
  • [36] L. Gomes, P. Faria, H. Morais, Z. Vale, and C. Ramos.Distributed, agent-based intelligent system for demand response program simulation in smart grids. IEEE Intell. Syst 2014;29(1):56-65.
  • [37] Karabiber A., Keles C., Kaygusuz A., Alagoz B. B. An approach for the integration of renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC microgrids. Renewable Energy 2013;52:251-59.
  • [38] M. Monadi, C. Gavriluta, A. Luna, J. I. Candela and P. Rodriguez. Centralized Protection Strategy for Medium Voltage DC Microgrids. in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2017;32(1):430-40.
  • [39] J. Momoh. Smart grid fundamentals of design and analysis. Piscataway, NJ: Wiley;2012.
  • [40] J. De La Ree, V. Centeno, J. S. Thorp and A. G. Phadke. Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power Systems. In IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2010;1(1):20-27.
  • [41] M. M. Monshi and O. A. Mohammed. A study on the efficient wireless sensor networks for operation monitoring and control in smart grid applications. Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon Jacksonville FL; 2013. p. 1-5.
  • [42] H. Gharavi and Bin Hu. 4-way handshaking protection for wireless mesh network security in smart grid,. IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) Atlanta GA; 2013. p. 790-795.
  • [43] Mu. Jiasong; Song, Wei; Wang, Wei; et al. Self-healing hierarchical architecture for ZigBee network in smart grid application . International Journal of Sensor Networks 2015;17(2):130-37.
  • [44] S. Galli, A. Scaglione, and Zhifang Wang. For the grid and through the grid: the role of power line communications in the smart grid. Proc. IEEE 2011;99(6):998-27.
  • [45] S. Shitharth, D. Prince Winston. A Comparative Analysis between Two Countermeasure Techniques to Detect DDoS with Sniffers in a SCADA Network. In Procedia Technology 2015;21:179-86.
  • [46] C.F. Calvillo, A. Sánchez-Miralles, J. Villar. Energy management and planning in smart cities. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;55:273-87.
  • [47] Yao Zhang, Wei Chen, Weijun Gao. A survey on the development status and challenges of smart grids in main driver countries. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017;79:137-47.
  • [48] Chunming Tu, Xi He, Zhikang Shuai, Fei Jiang. Big data issues in smart grid – A review. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017;79:1099-07.
  • [49] S.M. Ali, M. Jawad, B. Khan, C.A. Mehmood, N. Zeb, A. Tanoli, U. Farid, J. Glower, S.U. Khan. Wide area smart grid architectural model and control: A survey. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016;64:311-28.
  • [50] Haibo You, V. Vittal and Zhong Yang. Self-healing in power systems: an approach using islanding and rate of frequency decline-based load shedding. In IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2003;18(1):174-81.[51] N. Moaddabi, S. H. Hosseinian & G. B. Gharehpetian. Practical Framework for Self-Healing of Smart Grids in Stable/Unstable Power Swing Conditions. Electric Power Components and Systems 2012;40: 575-96.
  • [52] N. Moaddabi & G. B. Gharehpetian.Wide-area Method for Self-healing of Smart Grids in Unstable Oscillations. Electric Power Components and Systems 2013;41(4):365-82.
  • [53] A. Behfarnia and A. Eslami. Dynamics and Steady-State Behavior of Self-Healing Cyber-Physical Networks in Light of Cyber-Node Delays. IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Washington DC; 2016. p. 1-6.
  • [54] Rafał Leszczyna. Cybersecurity and privacy in standards for smart grids – A comprehensive survey. In Computer Standards & Interfaces 2018;56:62-73.
  • [55] H. Lin et al. Self-Healing Attack-Resilient PMU Network for Power System Operation. In IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2016;PP(99):1-15.
  • [56] Jianhui Wang. A Resilient Self-Healing Cyber Security Framework for Power Grid. Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Systems Peer Review;2016.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Corrigendum
Authors

Mehmet Çınar

Asım Kaygusuz This is me

Publication Date December 28, 2018
Submission Date September 15, 2018
Acceptance Date December 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

IEEE M. Çınar and A. Kaygusuz, “Self-Healing In Smart Grid: A Review”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 492–503, 2018, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.460164.



Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi
Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Editörlüğü

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü        
Beş Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvarı, Merkez Kampüs, 13000 BİTLİS        
E-posta: fbe@beu.edu.tr