Examination of 3D Finite Difference Analyses of Zonguldak-Kozlu CCR Dam Subjected Strong Ground Motions Considering Dam-Foundation-Reservoir Interaction

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1117 - 1137, 31.12.2022

Murat Çavuşlu

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1191601

Abstract

Dams are one of the most important water structures built to meet the vital needs of people such as irrigation and energy. It is of great importance to examine the seismic safety of important water structures such as dams. In addition, it is vital to investigate the interaction behavior of dams due to the bodies of the dams, the reservoir water, and the foundation being in constant interaction. Therefore, in this study, the seismic behavior of clay core rockfill (CCR) dams is investigated by considering the dam-foundation-reservoir interaction. The Kozlu CCR dam, which was built in Turkey-Zonguldak, is chosen for seismic analyses. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and analysis of the dam are performed utilizing the FLAC3D program. The foundation section is extended down to the height of the dam, and free-field and quiet non-reflecting boundary conditions are defined to the lateral boundaries of the foundation. Besides, the fix boundary condition is taken into account in the base section of the foundation. The Mohr-Coulomb material model is utilized for dam body material and foundation. Special interaction elements have been assigned between the discrete surfaces. These elements are affected to the 3D model of the dam in the x, y, and z directions. A total of 10 different earthquakes are used for earthquake analyses. Accelerations are defined in the program with the help of special fish functions and accelerations are applied to the base of the dam. As a result of the earthquake analyses, it is concluded that significant displacement and principal stresses occurred in the dam body for each earthquake. Moreover, as a result of this study, the dam-foundation-reservoir interaction problems of CCR dams are revealed by considering different ground motions.

Keywords

Clay Core Rockfill Dam, Finite-Difference Method, Free-Field Boundary Condition, Interaction Problem, Seismic Analysis.

References

• [1] H. Cetin, M. Laman, A. Ertunc, "Settlement and slaking problems in the world’s fourth largest rock-fill dam, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey," Engineering Geology, vol. 56, pp. 225–242, 2000.
• [2] L.M. Zhang, Q. Chen, "Seepage failure mechanism of the Gouhou rockfill dam during reservoir water infiltration," Soils and Foundations, vol. 46, pp. 557-568, 2006.
• [3] M.K. Sharp, K. Adalier, "Seismic response of earth dam with varying depth of liquefiable foundation layer," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 1028–1037, 2006.
• [4] B. Unal, M. Eren, M.G. Yalcin, "Investigation of leakage at Ataturk dam and hydroelectric power plant by means of hydrometric measurements," Engineering Geology, vol. 93, pp. 45-63, 2007.
• [5] H. Tosun, İ. Zorluer, A. Orhan, E. Seyrek, H. Savaş, M. Türköz, "Seismic hazard and total risk analyses for large dams in Euphrates basin, Turkey," Engineering Geology, vol. 89, pp. 155-170, 2007.
• [6] P.R. Oyanguren, C.G. Nicieza, M.I.Á. Fernández, C.G. Palacio, "Stability analysis of Llerin Rockfill Dam: An in situ direct shear test," Engineering Geology, vol. 100, pp. 120-130, 2008.
• [7] S. Sica, L. Pagano, A. Modaressi, "Influence of past loading history on the seismic response of earth dams," Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 32, pp. 61-85, 2008.
• [8] R. Noorzad, M. Omidvar, "Seismic displacement analysis of embankment dams with reinforced cohesive shell," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 1149–1157, 2010.
• [9] T. Ohmachi, T. Tahara, "Nonlinear earthquake response characteristics of a central clay core rockfill dam," Soils and Foundations, vol. 51, pp. 227-238, 2011.
• [10] C. Liu, L. Zhang, B. Bai, J. Chen, J. Wang, "Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain for a clay core rock-fill dam with FEM," Procedia Engineering, vol. 31, pp. 497-501, 2012.
• [11] X.g. Yang, S.c. Chi, "Seismic stability of earth-rock dams using finite element limit analysis," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 64, pp. 1-10, 2014.
• [12] R. Mahinroosta, A. Alizadeh, B. Gatmiri, "Simulation of collapse settlement of first filling in a high rockfill dam," Engineering Geology, vol. 187, pp. 32-44, 2015.
• [13] M. Albano, G. Modoni, P. Croce, G. Russo, "Assessment of the seismic performance of a bituminous faced rockfill dam," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 75, pp. 183-198, 2015.
• [14] S.h. Liu, L.j. Wang, Z.j. Wang, E. Bauer, "Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden," Water Science and Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 219-226, 2016.
• [15] D. Behnia, K. Ahangari, K. Goshtasbi, S.R. Moeinossadat, M. Behnia, " Settlement modeling in central core rockfill dams by new approaches," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 26, pp. 703-710, 2016.
• [16] B. Han, L. Zdravkovic, S. Kontoe, D.M.G. Taborda, " Numerical investigation of the response of the Yele rockfill dam during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 88, pp. 124-144, 2016.
• [17] D.S. Park, N.R. Kim, " Safety evaluation of cored rockfill dams under high seismicity using dynamic centrifuge modeling," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 345-363, 2017.
• [18] K. He, C. Song, R. Fell, " Numerical modelling of transverse cracking in embankment dams," Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 132, 104028, 2021.
• [19] Q. Wu, D.Q. Li, Y. Liu, W. Du, " Seismic performance of earth dams founded on liquefiable soil layer subjected to near-fault pulse-like ground motions," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, vol. 143, 106623, 2021.
• [20] M. Dolezalova, I. Hladik, " Long-term behavior and safety assessment of Sance Rockfill Dam," Front. Archit. Civ. Eng. China, vol. 5, pp. 79-89, 2011.
• [21] J. Zhang, L. Zhang, " 3-D Seismic Response Analysis Methods of High Core Rockfill Dams," Arab J Sci Eng, vol. 38, pp. 839–848, 2013.
• [22] N. Javadi, T.F. Mahdi, " Experimental investigation into rockfill dam failure initiation by overtopping," Natural Hazards, vol. 74, pp. 623–637, 2014.
• [23] S. Durmaz, D. Ülgen, " Prediction of earthquake-induced permanent deformations for concrete-faced rockfill dams," Natural Hazards, vol. 105, pp. 587–610, 2021.
• [24] J. Yu, Z. Shen, Z. Huang, " Analysis on damage causes of built-in corridor in core rock-fill dam on thick overburden: A case study," Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2022.
• [25] AFAD, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Turkey earthquake regions map. https://www.afad.gov.tr/, 2022.
• [26] M.E. Kartal, M. Çavusli, M. Genis, " 3D Nonlinear Analysis of Atatürk Clay Core Rockfill Dam Considering Settlement Monitoring," Int. J. Geomech, vol. 19, 04019034, 2019.
• [27] M. Karalar, M. Çavuşli, " Effect of Normal and Shear Interaction Stiffnesses on Three-Dimensional Viscoplastic Creep Behaviour of a CFR Dam," Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2018, pp. 0-17, 2018.
• [28] DSI, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Regional Directorate, Zonguldak, Turkey, 2022.
• [29] PEER, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), 2022.
• [30] AFAD, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, 2022.