Şizofreni ve İntihar; Bir Gözden Geçirme

Buket Koparal; Çiçek Hocaoğlu

doi:10.33716/bmedj.622389

Review

Schizophrenia and Suicide; A Review

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 135 - 146, 30.12.2019

Buket Koparal Çiçek Hocaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33716/bmedj.622389

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Suicide is among the early causes of death in patients with
schizophrenia. Studies have reported that approximately 5% of patients die due
to suicide. Reduction of high suicide rates in this patient group is only
possible with an understanding of predictive risk factors. Concomitant depression,
positive symptoms and previous suicide attempt are the factors that increase
suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia. The beginning of the disease,
hospitalization and the first weeks after hospitalization are the most risky
periods for suicide. Regular antipsychotic treatment and convenient
psychosocial support may reduce the risk of suicide.

Keywords

Schizophrenia, suicide, depression, insight

References

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
2. Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:425-48.
3. Misiak B, Kiejna A, Frydecka D. Higher total cholesterol level is associated with suicidal ideation in first-episode schizophrenia females. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226(1):383-8.
4. Aykut DS, Aslan FC, Karagüzel EÖ, Karakullukçu S, Tiryaki A. İntihar Girişimi Öyküsü Olan Şizofreni Olgularında Şimdiki Klinik Değişkenler. Türk Psikiyatri dergisi. 2017;28(3):163-71.
5. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67-76.
6. Hor K, Taylor M. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(4 Suppl):81-90.
7. Meltzer HY. Treatment of suicidality in schizophrenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;932:44-58; discussion -60.
8. Duko B, Ayano G. Suicidal ideation and attempts among people with severe mental disorder, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, comparative cross-sectional study. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2018;17:23.
9. Fang X, Zhang C, Wu Z, Peng D, Xia W, Xu J, et al. The association between somatic symptoms and suicidal ideation in Chinese first-episode major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:17-21.
10. Jakhar K, Beniwal RP, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN. Self-harm and suicide attempts in Schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;30:102-6.
11. Fuller-Thomson E, Hollister B. Schizophrenia and Suicide Attempts: Findings from a Representative Community-Based Canadian Sample. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2016.
12. Taylor PJ, Gooding PA, Wood AM, Johnson J, Pratt D, Tarrier N. Defeat and entrapment in schizophrenia: the relationship with suicidal ideation and positive psychotic symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(2):244-8.
13. Bornheimer LA. Moderating effects of positive symptoms of psychosis in suicidal ideation among adults diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2016;176(2-3):364-70.
14. Kim SW, Kim SJ, Mun JW, Bae KY, Kim JM, Kim SY, et al. Psychosocial factors contributing to suicidal ideation in hospitalized schizophrenia patients in Korea. Psychiatry Investig. 2010;7(2):79-85.
15. Kjelby E, Sinkeviciute I, Gjestad R, Kroken RA, Loberg EM, Jorgensen HA, et al. Suicidality in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the relationship to hallucinations and persecutory delusions. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(7):830-6.
16. Cassidy RM, Yang F, Kapczinski F, Passos IC. Risk Factors for Suicidality in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression of 96 Studies. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44(4):787-97.
17. Zisook S, Nyer M, Kasckow J, Golshan S, Lehman D, Montross L. Depressive symptom patterns in patients with chronic schizophrenia and subsyndromal depression. Schizophr Res. 2006;86(1-3):226-33.
18. Rudnick A. Relation between command hallucinations and dangerous behavior. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1999;27(2):253-7.
19. Harkavy-Friedman JM, Kimhy D, Nelson EA, Venarde DF, Malaspina D, Mann JJ. Suicide attempts in schizophrenia: the role of command auditory hallucinations for suicide. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(8):871-4.
20. Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ. Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(2):383-402.
21. Montross LP, Zisook S, Kasckow J. Suicide among patients with schizophrenia: a consideration of risk and protective factors. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005;17(3):173-82.
22. Tarrier N, Kelly J, Maqsood S, Snelson N, Maxwell J, Law H, et al. The cognitive behavioural prevention of suicide in psychosis: a clinical trial. Schizophr Res. 2014;156(2-3):204-10.
23. Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, Sinclair J, Deeks JJ. Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187:9-20.
24. Scholes B, Martin CR. Measuring depression in schizophrenia with questionnaires. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2013;20(1):17-22.
25. Umut G, Altun ZÖ, Danışmant BS, Küçükparlak İ, Karamustafalıoğlu N, İlnem MC. Şizofreni Hastalarında Özkıyım Girişimi ve Özkıyım Düşüncesinin Hastalık Şiddeti, Depresyon ve İçgörü ile İlişkisi. Düşünen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2013;26(4):341-50.
26. Achim AM, Maziade M, Raymond E, Olivier D, Merette C, Roy MA. How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(4):811-21.
27. Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Hollander E. Social anxiety in outpatients with schizophrenia: a relevant cause of disability. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(1):53-8.
28. Fowler IL, Carr VJ, Carter NT, Lewin TJ. Patterns of current and lifetime substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24(3):443-55.
29. Miller R, Ream G, McCormack J, Gunduz-Bruce H, Sevy S, Robinson D. A prospective study of cannabis use as a risk factor for non-adherence and treatment dropout in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2009;113(2-3):138-44.
30. Carlborg A, Winnerback K, Jonsson EG, Jokinen J, Nordstrom P. Suicide in schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(7):1153-64.
31. Novick D, Haro JM, Suarez D, Perez V, Dittmann RW, Haddad PM. Predictors and clinical consequences of non-adherence with antipsychotic medication in the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2010;176(2-3):109-13.
32. Uzun O, Tamam L, Ozculer T, Doruk A, Unal M. Specific characteristics of suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia in Turkey. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2009;46(3):189-94.
33. Amador XF, Friedman JH, Kasapis C, Yale SA, Flaum M, Gorman JM. Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia and its relationship to awareness of illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(9):1185-8.
34. Harkavy-Friedman JM, Nelson EA, Venarde DF, Mann JJ. Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: examining the role of depression. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2004;34(1):66-76.
35. Walsh E, Harvey K, White I, Higgitt A, Fraser J, Murray R. Suicidal behaviour in psychosis: prevalence and predictors from a randomised controlled trial of case management: report from the UK700 trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:255-60.
36. Fazel S, Wolf A, Palm C, Lichtenstein P. Violent crime, suicide, and premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a 38-year total population study in Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(1):44-54.
37. Qin P. The impact of psychiatric illness on suicide: differences by diagnosis of disorders and by sex and age of subjects. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(11):1445-52.
38. Zaheer J, Jacob B, de Oliveira C, Rudoler D, Juda A, Kurdyak P. Service utilization and suicide among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res. 2018;202:347-53.
39. Roy A. Reported childhood trauma and suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2005;35(6):690-3.
40. Read J, Agar K, Argyle N, Aderhold V. Sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adulthood as predictors of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Psychol Psychother. 2003;76(Pt 1):1-22.
41. Kuo CJ, Tsai SY, Lo CH, Wang YP, Chen CC. Risk factors for completed suicide in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(5):579-85.
42. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(3):247-53.
43. Reutfors J, Brandt L, Jonsson EG, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Osby U. Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia: findings from a Swedish population-based case-control study. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1-3):231-7.
44. Mauri MC, Paletta S, Maffini M, Moliterno D, Altamura AC. Suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients: clinical variables. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013;6(5):421-7.
45. Lee HC, Lin HC. Are psychiatrist characteristics associated with postdischarge suicide of schizophrenia patients? Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):760-5.
46. Wierzbinski P, Kazmierczak W, Zdanowicz A, Zboralski K. [Causes of suicide attempts in patients undergoing psychiatric hospitalization--a preliminary study]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2015;39(232):209-13.
47. Ishii T, Hashimoto E, Ukai W, Kakutani Y, Sasaki R, Saito T. Characteristics of attempted suicide by patients with schizophrenia compared with those with mood disorders: a case-controlled study in northern Japan. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96272.
48. Nordentoft M. Prevention of suicide and attempted suicide in Denmark. Epidemiological studies of suicide and intervention studies in selected risk groups. Dan Med Bull. 2007;54(4):306-69.
49. Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, et al. 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet. 2009;374(9690):620-7.
50. Pompili M, Ruberto A, Kotzalidis GD, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Suicide and awareness of illness in schizophrenia: an overview. Bull Menninger Clin. 2004;68(4):297-318.
51. Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk during treatment with clozapine: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2005;73(2-3):139-45.
52. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, Altamura AC, Anand R, Bertoldi A, et al. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(1):82-91.
53. Çetin Ö, Eker SS. Şizofreni ve özkıyım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry 2011;3(4):611-27.