The Relationship Between Student Nurses' Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours and Health Beliefs For Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Year 2025,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 595 - 608, 07.08.2025
Burcu Duluklu
,
Ayşe Arıkan Dönmez
Abstract
Aim: To consider the association between healthy lifestyle behaviours and health belief levels towards colorectal cancer prevention on nursing students.
Material and Method: This descriptive, correlational study was conducted with 273 undergraduate nursing students. Descriptive informations form, Bristol Stool Chart, Healthy Lifestyle Behaviours Scale-II (HLBS-II) and Colorectal Cancer Screening Belief Scale (CCSBS) were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and Mann Whitney-U test were used in data analysis.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 20.98±1.59 years. While the students had the lowest mean of HLBS-II in the physical activity sub-dimension, they had the lowest mean in CCSBS in susceptibility sub-dimension. While growing age has an increasing effect on nutrition, spiritual-growth and confidence-benefits-health motivation perception, it has a decreasing effect on the perceived barrier (p<0.05). Regular exercise for 30 minutes or more per day had a positive effect on HLBS-II scores (p<0.05). Those with a familial history of colorectal cancer had a higher susceptibility perception, and those who exercised regularly had a significantly higher health motivation perception (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Study findings revealed that nursing students with higher trust-benefit and health motivation perception had higher healthy lifestyle behaviours.
References
- Açıkgöz, S. (2023). Yetişkin bireylerin kolorektal kanserle ilişkili sağlık inançları ve kolorektal kanser tarama davranışları. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 17(4), 505-511. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1353726
- Akhagba, O. (2021). Religiousity and perceived susceptibility of Nigerian women towards cervical cancer screening in Poland. Polish Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(3), 25-32.
- Aksuoğlu, A., Özşaker, E. (2023). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kendi meme kanseri farkındalıkları, sağlık inançları ve meme kanseri önleme davranışları arasındaki ilişki. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi).Ege Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Almadi, M. A., Mosli, M. H., Bohlega, M. S., Al Essa, M. A., AlDohan, M. S., Alabdallatif, T. A., … Mandil, A. (2015). Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 21(2), 71-77. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.153814
- Alpar, C. (Ed.). (2022). Spor sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik güvenirlik SPSS de çözümleme adımları ile birlikte. (7. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Amirsasan, R., Akbarzadeh, M., Akbarzadeh, S. (2022). Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell International, 22(1), 247. doi:10.1186/s12935-022-02670-3
- Aoun, C., Nassar, L., Soumi, S., El Osta, N., Papazian, T., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2019). The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, (6)13, 204. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00204
- Bahar, Z., Beşer, A., Gördes, N., Ersin, F., Kıssal, A. (2008). Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ölçeği II’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemsirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 12(1), 1-13.
- Bakır, B., Çalapkorur, S. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme durumları, posa tüketimleri ve bağırsak
alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 33-40.
- Arıcan, H. Ö. B. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 59-73.
- Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(3), 229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834
- Carr, P. R., Weigl, K., Edelmann, D., Jansen, L., Chang-Claude, J., Brenner, H., Hoffmeister, M. (2020). Estimation of absolute risk of colorectal cancer based on healthy lifestyle, genetic risk, and colonoscopy status in a population-based study. Gastroenterology, 159(1), 129-138. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.016
- Çetinkaya, S., Sert, H. (2021). Healthy lifestyle behaviors of university students and related factors. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 34, eAPE02942. doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO02942
- Demirtaş, A., Özdemir, A. (2021). Üniversite öğrencileri arasındaki sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının kesitsel değerlendirilmesi. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 7(79), 1001-1010. doi:10.26449/sssj.3036
- Hermanussen, M., Scheffler, C., Groth, D., Aßmann, C. (2015). Height and skeletal morphology in relation to modern life style. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 34(41), 1-5.
- Holt, C. L., Litaker, M. S., Scarinci, I. C., Debnam, K. J., McDavid, C., McNeal, S. F., ..., Martin, M. Y. (2013). Spiritually based intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: screening and theory-based outcomes from a randomized trial. Health Education & Behavior, 40(4), 458-468.
- Jacob, J. S., Panwar, N. (2023). Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 264.doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01290-4
- Jacobs, L. A. (2002). Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: A population-based survey. Cancer Nursing, 25(4), 251-265. doi:10.1097/00002820-200208000-00001
- Kowalkowska, J., Poínhos, R. (2021). Eating behaviour among university students: relationships with age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio and social desirability. Nutrients, 13(10), 3622. doi:10.3390/nu13103622
- Lau, J., Lim, T. Z., Jianlin Wong, G., Tan, K.-K. (2020). The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20(2), 101223. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
- Lewandowska, A., Rudzki, G., Lewandowski, T., Stryjkowska-Góra, A., Rudzki, S. (2022). Risk factors for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Control: Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 29, 10732748211056692. doi:10.1177/10732748211056692
- Lewis, S. J., Heaton, K. W. (1997). Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 32(9), 920-924. doi:10.3109/00365529709011203
- Li, Y., Xia, P. F., Geng, T. T., Tu, Z. Z., Zhang, Y. B., Yu, H. C., … Pan, A. (2023). Trends in self-reported adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors among US adults, 1999 to March 2020. JAMA Network Open, 6(7), e2323584. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.23584
- Lin, I. P., Chung, D. T., Lee, L. Y., Hsu, H. J., Chen, S. C. (2020). Health belief, behavior intention, and health behaviours related to colorectal cancer screening in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12). doi:10.3390/ijerph17124246
- Mato, M., Tsukasaki, K. (2020). Relationship between breakfast consumption and health-related habits among university students in Japan. Japanese Journal of Public Health, 67(11), 791-799. doi:10.11236/jph.67.11_791
- Mogeni, B. K., Ouma, L. O. (2022). Dietary patterns, behaviours, and their associated factors among university students in coastal Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 8(1). doi:10.1080/23311932.2022.2132873
- Omran, S., Ismail, A. A. (2010). Knowledge and beliefs of Jordanians toward colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Nursing, 33(2), 141-148. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181b823f3
- Ozsoy, S. A., Ardahan, M., Özmen, D. (2007). Reliability and validity of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale in Turkey. Cancer Nursing, 30(2), 139-145. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000265012.25430.30
- Ryan, M., Brindal, E., Roberts, M., Hickson, R. I. (2024). A behaviour and disease transmission model: incorporating the Health Belief Model for human behaviour into a simple transmission model. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 21(215), 20240038.
- Sawicki, T., Ruszkowska, M., Danielewicz, A., Niedźwiedzka, E., Arłukowicz, T., Przybyłowicz, K. E. (2021). A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers, 13(9), 2025. doi:10.3390/cancers13092025
- Schultchen, D., Reichenberger, J., Mittl, T., Weh, T. R. M., Smyth, J. M., Blechert, J., Pollatos, O. (2019). Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating. British Journal of Health Psychology, 24(2), 315-333. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12355
- Sert, A. (2019). Tıp fakültesi ve meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(2), 132-142. doi:10.20518/tjph.395198
- Shaukat, A., Levin, T. R. (2022). Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 19(8), 521-531. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00612-y
- Taflinger, S., Sattler, S. (2024). A situational test of the health belief model: How perceived susceptibility mediates the effects of the environment on behavioral intentions. Social Science & Medicine, 346, 116715.
- Tekiner, S., Peker, G. C., Doğan, M. C. (2021). Colorectal cancer screening behaviors. PeerJ, 9, e10951. doi:10.7717/peerj.10951
- Vaziri Esfarjani, S., Zamani, M., Ashrafizadeh, S. S., Zamani, M. (2023). Association between lifestyle and height growth in high school students. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(12), 3279-3284. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_8_23
- Walker, S., Hill-Polerecky, D. (1996). Psychometric evaluation of the health promoting life style profile II. Payesh, 11, 849-856.
- World Health Organization. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, Geneva.
- Yoon, E. S., So, W.-Y., Jang, S. (2023). Association between perceived psychological stress and exercise behaviors: A cross-sectional study using the survey of national physical fitness. Life, 13(10), 2059. doi:10.3390/life13102059
- Yu, J., Feng, Q., Kim, J. H., Zhu, Y. (2022). Combined effect of healthy lifestyle factors and risks of colorectal adenoma, colorectal cancer, and colorectal cancer mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 12. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.827019
- Zare, M., Ghodsbin, F., Jahanbin, I., Ariafar, A., Keshavarzi, S., Izadi, T. (2016). The effect of health belief model-based education on knowledge and prostate cancer screening behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery, 4(1), 57.
- Zhou, J., Zhao, L., Liu, Y., He, L., Yang, F., Wang, H., … Tan, Q. (2023). Relationship between health information literacy and health promoting lifestyle among first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer in China: The mediating effect of health belief. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1178848
Öğrenci Hemşirelerin Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları ile Kolorektal Kanserden Korunmaya Yönelik Sağlık İnançları Arasındaki İlişki
Year 2025,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 595 - 608, 07.08.2025
Burcu Duluklu
,
Ayşe Arıkan Dönmez
Abstract
Amaç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarıyla kolorektal kanserden korunmaya yönelik sağlık inanç düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı, ilişkisel tipteki bu araştırma 273 hemşirelik lisans öğrencisiyle gerçekleştirildi. Verilerin toplanmasında, tanıtıcı bilgiler formu, Bristol Gaita Skalası, Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Ölçeği-II (SYBDÖ-II) ve Kolorektal Kanserden Korunmaya Yönelik Sağlık İnanç Modeli Ölçeği (KKKYSİMÖ) kullanıldı. Veri analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı, bağımsız örneklem t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Mann Whitney-U testi kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaşları ortalama 20.98±1.59 yıldı. Öğrenciler, SYBDÖ-II’de en düşük puanı fiziksel aktivite alt boyutundan, KKKYSİMÖ’de ise duyarlılık algısı alt boyutundan aldı. Yaş artıkça öğrencilerin beslenme, manevi gelişim ve güven-yarar-sağlık motivasyonu algısı düzeylerinin arttığı, engel algılarının ise azaldığı belirlendi (p<0.05). Günde 30 dakika ve daha uzun süre düzenli egzersiz yapmanın SYBDÖ-II puanlarını etkilediği saptandı (p<0.05). Ailesel kolorektal kanser öyküsü olanların duyarlılık algısının, düzenli egzersiz yapanların ise sağlık motivasyonu algısının anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu belirlendi (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Araştırma bulguları, güven-yarar ve sağlık motivasyonu algısı yüksek olan hemşirelik öğrencilerinde, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının daha yüksek olduğunu gösterdi.
Ethical Statement
Araştırmanın Etik Yönü: Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı Hacettepe Üniversitesi Etik Komisyonundan (Tarih: 18.04.2022 ve Sayı No: 2139769) ve kurum onayı Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dekanlığından (Tarih: 22.04.2022 ve Sayı No: 2151102) alınmıştır.
Supporting Institution
Bu araştırma, kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen sektörlerdeki fon sağlayıcı kuruluşlardan herhangi bir özel hibe almamıştır.
Thanks
Araştırmacılar, araştırmaya katkı veren tüm öğrenci hemşirelere teşekkür eder.
References
- Açıkgöz, S. (2023). Yetişkin bireylerin kolorektal kanserle ilişkili sağlık inançları ve kolorektal kanser tarama davranışları. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 17(4), 505-511. doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.1353726
- Akhagba, O. (2021). Religiousity and perceived susceptibility of Nigerian women towards cervical cancer screening in Poland. Polish Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(3), 25-32.
- Aksuoğlu, A., Özşaker, E. (2023). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kendi meme kanseri farkındalıkları, sağlık inançları ve meme kanseri önleme davranışları arasındaki ilişki. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi).Ege Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
- Almadi, M. A., Mosli, M. H., Bohlega, M. S., Al Essa, M. A., AlDohan, M. S., Alabdallatif, T. A., … Mandil, A. (2015). Effect of public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior on willingness to undergo colorectal cancer screening using the health belief model. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association, 21(2), 71-77. doi:10.4103/1319-3767.153814
- Alpar, C. (Ed.). (2022). Spor sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik güvenirlik SPSS de çözümleme adımları ile birlikte. (7. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Amirsasan, R., Akbarzadeh, M., Akbarzadeh, S. (2022). Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell International, 22(1), 247. doi:10.1186/s12935-022-02670-3
- Aoun, C., Nassar, L., Soumi, S., El Osta, N., Papazian, T., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2019). The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, (6)13, 204. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00204
- Bahar, Z., Beşer, A., Gördes, N., Ersin, F., Kıssal, A. (2008). Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ölçeği II’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hemsirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 12(1), 1-13.
- Bakır, B., Çalapkorur, S. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme durumları, posa tüketimleri ve bağırsak
alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 33-40.
- Arıcan, H. Ö. B. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 59-73.
- Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A. (2024). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(3), 229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834
- Carr, P. R., Weigl, K., Edelmann, D., Jansen, L., Chang-Claude, J., Brenner, H., Hoffmeister, M. (2020). Estimation of absolute risk of colorectal cancer based on healthy lifestyle, genetic risk, and colonoscopy status in a population-based study. Gastroenterology, 159(1), 129-138. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.016
- Çetinkaya, S., Sert, H. (2021). Healthy lifestyle behaviors of university students and related factors. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 34, eAPE02942. doi:10.37689/acta-ape/2021AO02942
- Demirtaş, A., Özdemir, A. (2021). Üniversite öğrencileri arasındaki sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının kesitsel değerlendirilmesi. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 7(79), 1001-1010. doi:10.26449/sssj.3036
- Hermanussen, M., Scheffler, C., Groth, D., Aßmann, C. (2015). Height and skeletal morphology in relation to modern life style. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 34(41), 1-5.
- Holt, C. L., Litaker, M. S., Scarinci, I. C., Debnam, K. J., McDavid, C., McNeal, S. F., ..., Martin, M. Y. (2013). Spiritually based intervention to increase colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: screening and theory-based outcomes from a randomized trial. Health Education & Behavior, 40(4), 458-468.
- Jacob, J. S., Panwar, N. (2023). Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 264.doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01290-4
- Jacobs, L. A. (2002). Health beliefs of first-degree relatives of individuals with colorectal cancer and participation in health maintenance visits: A population-based survey. Cancer Nursing, 25(4), 251-265. doi:10.1097/00002820-200208000-00001
- Kowalkowska, J., Poínhos, R. (2021). Eating behaviour among university students: relationships with age, socioeconomic status, physical activity, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio and social desirability. Nutrients, 13(10), 3622. doi:10.3390/nu13103622
- Lau, J., Lim, T. Z., Jianlin Wong, G., Tan, K.-K. (2020). The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine Reports, 20(2), 101223. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
- Lewandowska, A., Rudzki, G., Lewandowski, T., Stryjkowska-Góra, A., Rudzki, S. (2022). Risk factors for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Control: Journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center, 29, 10732748211056692. doi:10.1177/10732748211056692
- Lewis, S. J., Heaton, K. W. (1997). Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 32(9), 920-924. doi:10.3109/00365529709011203
- Li, Y., Xia, P. F., Geng, T. T., Tu, Z. Z., Zhang, Y. B., Yu, H. C., … Pan, A. (2023). Trends in self-reported adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors among US adults, 1999 to March 2020. JAMA Network Open, 6(7), e2323584. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.23584
- Lin, I. P., Chung, D. T., Lee, L. Y., Hsu, H. J., Chen, S. C. (2020). Health belief, behavior intention, and health behaviours related to colorectal cancer screening in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12). doi:10.3390/ijerph17124246
- Mato, M., Tsukasaki, K. (2020). Relationship between breakfast consumption and health-related habits among university students in Japan. Japanese Journal of Public Health, 67(11), 791-799. doi:10.11236/jph.67.11_791
- Mogeni, B. K., Ouma, L. O. (2022). Dietary patterns, behaviours, and their associated factors among university students in coastal Kenya. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 8(1). doi:10.1080/23311932.2022.2132873
- Omran, S., Ismail, A. A. (2010). Knowledge and beliefs of Jordanians toward colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Nursing, 33(2), 141-148. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181b823f3
- Ozsoy, S. A., Ardahan, M., Özmen, D. (2007). Reliability and validity of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale in Turkey. Cancer Nursing, 30(2), 139-145. doi:10.1097/01.NCC.0000265012.25430.30
- Ryan, M., Brindal, E., Roberts, M., Hickson, R. I. (2024). A behaviour and disease transmission model: incorporating the Health Belief Model for human behaviour into a simple transmission model. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 21(215), 20240038.
- Sawicki, T., Ruszkowska, M., Danielewicz, A., Niedźwiedzka, E., Arłukowicz, T., Przybyłowicz, K. E. (2021). A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers, 13(9), 2025. doi:10.3390/cancers13092025
- Schultchen, D., Reichenberger, J., Mittl, T., Weh, T. R. M., Smyth, J. M., Blechert, J., Pollatos, O. (2019). Bidirectional relationship of stress and affect with physical activity and healthy eating. British Journal of Health Psychology, 24(2), 315-333. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12355
- Sert, A. (2019). Tıp fakültesi ve meslek yüksekokulu öğrencilerinde sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ve etkileyen faktörler. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 17(2), 132-142. doi:10.20518/tjph.395198
- Shaukat, A., Levin, T. R. (2022). Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 19(8), 521-531. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00612-y
- Taflinger, S., Sattler, S. (2024). A situational test of the health belief model: How perceived susceptibility mediates the effects of the environment on behavioral intentions. Social Science & Medicine, 346, 116715.
- Tekiner, S., Peker, G. C., Doğan, M. C. (2021). Colorectal cancer screening behaviors. PeerJ, 9, e10951. doi:10.7717/peerj.10951
- Vaziri Esfarjani, S., Zamani, M., Ashrafizadeh, S. S., Zamani, M. (2023). Association between lifestyle and height growth in high school students. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(12), 3279-3284. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_8_23
- Walker, S., Hill-Polerecky, D. (1996). Psychometric evaluation of the health promoting life style profile II. Payesh, 11, 849-856.
- World Health Organization. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, Geneva.
- Yoon, E. S., So, W.-Y., Jang, S. (2023). Association between perceived psychological stress and exercise behaviors: A cross-sectional study using the survey of national physical fitness. Life, 13(10), 2059. doi:10.3390/life13102059
- Yu, J., Feng, Q., Kim, J. H., Zhu, Y. (2022). Combined effect of healthy lifestyle factors and risks of colorectal adenoma, colorectal cancer, and colorectal cancer mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Oncology, 12. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.827019
- Zare, M., Ghodsbin, F., Jahanbin, I., Ariafar, A., Keshavarzi, S., Izadi, T. (2016). The effect of health belief model-based education on knowledge and prostate cancer screening behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery, 4(1), 57.
- Zhou, J., Zhao, L., Liu, Y., He, L., Yang, F., Wang, H., … Tan, Q. (2023). Relationship between health information literacy and health promoting lifestyle among first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer in China: The mediating effect of health belief. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1178848