Research Article

The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey

Volume: 11 Number: 2 June 30, 2026
EN TR

The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey

Abstract

The effects of boron exports on energy security and environmental sustainability were analyzed using Fourier-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (FARDL), Error Correction Model, and Toda- Yamamoto causality tests. The study consists of two models: Model 1 examines the effect of boron exports on energy import dependency, while Model 2 analyzes the effects of boron exports, economic growth, and the share of renewable energy on carbon emissions. Fourier-based unit root tests indicate that most series are integrated at the I(1) level, and Fourier-ARDL results reveal the existence of a long-run cointegration relationship among the variables. The findings indicate that the environmental impact of boron exports does not operate through a direct emission-reducing mechanism; rather, it reflects a short-term scale effect associated with increased production and energy demand, which is moderated in the long run by the expansion of renewable energy capacity and technological transformation. An increase in the share of renewable energy contributes to both strengthening energy security and reducing carbon emissions. Although economic growth leads to higher emissions in the short term, the expansion of renewable energy capacity helps to balance this effect over time. Error correction coefficients suggest that equilibrium is restored more rapidly in the energy security model, whereas the adjustment process is slower in the environmental sustainability model. The Toda- Yamamoto causality test does not detect short-run directional causality among the variables, while long-run relationships are supported by the cointegration results obtained from the Fourier-ARDL framework. Overall, the findings suggest that boron is not only a strategic export commodity but also a complementary policy instrument whose contribution to energy security and green transformation depends on its integration with renewable energy and technology-oriented policies.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Project Number

Yok

Ethical Statement

This study does not involve any human or animal experiments, clinical applications, or survey studies that require the approval of an ethics committee. All data used in the study were obtained from publicly available national and international databases. The author(s) declare that all ethical principles have been followed during the preparation and publication of this study.

Thanks

I would like to thank the editors and reviewers of the Boron Journal for their contributions and support during the evaluation and publication process of this study.

References

  1. IEA (International Energy Agency). (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  2. Sovacool, B. K. (2021). Energy justice reconsidered: Reflections on global energy transitions. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102027
  3. Dutta, A. (2014). Hydrogen energy: Fundamentals, production, and storage. Springer.
  4. Staffell, I., Scamman, D., Velazquez Abad, A., Balcombe, P., Dodds, P. E., Ekins, P., ... & Ward, K. R. (2019). The role of hydrogen and fuel cells in the global energy system. Energy & Environmental Science, 12(2), 463–491. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01157E
  5. Züttel, A. (2004). Hydrogen storage methods. Materials Today, 6(9), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(03)00922-2
  6. Demirci, U. B., & Miele, P. (2014). Sodium borohydride for hydrogen storage: New perspectives. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(20), 10702–10711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.038
  7. USGS (United States Geological Survey). (2022). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022: Boron. Reston, VA: USGS.
  8. World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators (WDI). Washington DC: World Bank.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmentally Sustainable Engineering, Environmental and Sustainable Processes

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

September 18, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 6, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 11 Number: 2

APA
Taşcı, H. (2026). The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Boron, 11(2), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1786507
AMA
1.Taşcı H. The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Boron. 2026;11(2):79-95. doi:10.30728/boron.1786507
Chicago
Taşcı, Hayriye. 2026. “The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Boron 11 (2): 79-95. https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1786507.
EndNote
Taşcı H (June 1, 2026) The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Boron 11 2 79–95.
IEEE
[1]H. Taşcı, “The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey”, Journal of Boron, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 79–95, June 2026, doi: 10.30728/boron.1786507.
ISNAD
Taşcı, Hayriye. “The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Boron 11/2 (June 1, 2026): 79-95. https://doi.org/10.30728/boron.1786507.
JAMA
1.Taşcı H. The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Boron. 2026;11:79–95.
MLA
Taşcı, Hayriye. “The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey”. Journal of Boron, vol. 11, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 79-95, doi:10.30728/boron.1786507.
Vancouver
1.Hayriye Taşcı. The Effects of Boron on Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Boron. 2026 Jun. 1;11(2):79-95. doi:10.30728/boron.1786507