Selective lithium recovery from XRF melting waste via H₂TiO₃ Ion Sieve

Abstract

The growing demand for lithium driven by energy storage technologies requires sustainable recovery strategies from secondary resources. In this study, lithium recovery from lithium-rich XRF melting wastes was investigated using a titanium-based lithium-ion sieve via the ion-exchange method. Li₂TiO₃ (LTO) was synthesized by a solid-state method and converted into protonated H₂TiO₃ (HTO) through acid treatment to obtain a lithium-selective adsorbent. Structural and surface characterization confirmed the formation of a stable ion-sieve framework with increased surface area after proton exchange. XRF melting waste, mainly composed of lithium tetraborate and metaborate flux residues collected from cement plants, was subjected to acid digestion to selectively transfer lithium into the aqueous phase while minimizing co-dissolution of competing metals. Adsorption experiments revealed strong pH-dependent lithium uptake with a maximum capacity of ~36 mg.g⁻¹ under alkaline conditions. Isotherm and kinetic analyses indicated that the adsorption process follows the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics, suggesting monolayer chemisorption governed by ion-exchange mechanisms. Thermodynamic evaluation showed that lithium adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorbent exhibited high selectivity toward Li⁺ in real waste-derived solutions and maintained stable performance over repeated adsorption–desorption cycles with minimal titanium loss. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recovering lithium from XRF melting waste and highlights a new pathway for valorizing lithium and boron-rich residues within a circular economy framework.

Keywords

• Circular ecenomy
• Borate melting waste
• Lithium recovery
• Titanium based ion-sieve

Ethical Statement

It is not required for this study.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank TENMAK-Boron Research Institute for providing the research infrastructure and laboratory facilities that enabled this study.

H₂TiO₃ iyon eleği ile XRF eritiş atıklarından seçici lityum geri kazanımı

Abstract

Enerji depolama teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte lityuma olan talebin hızla artması, ikincil kaynaklardan sürdürülebilir geri kazanım stratejilerinin geliştirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, lityumca zengin XRF eritiş atıklarından lityum geri kazanımı, iyon değişim yöntemi kullanılarak titanyum bazlı bir lityum iyon eleği ile araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Li₂TiO₃ (LTO) katı hal yöntemi ile sentezlenmiş ve lityum seçici bir adsorban elde etmek için asit işlemi ile protonlanarak H₂TiO₃ (HTO)’ya dönüştürülmüştür. Yapısal ve yüzey karakterizasyonları, proton değişimi sonrasında yüzey alanı artmış kararlı bir iyon elek yapısının oluştuğunu doğrulamıştır. Çimento tesislerinden toplanan ve başlıca lityum tetraborat ile metaborat akı kalıntılarından oluşan XRF eritiş atığı, rakip metallerin eş çözünmesini en aza indirerek lityumun sulu faza seçici olarak aktarılmasını sağlamak amacıyla asit liç işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Adsorpsiyon deneyleri, alkalin koşullarda yaklaşık 36 mg·g⁻¹ maksimum kapasite ile güçlü bir pH bağımlı lityum tutulumu olduğunu göstermiştir. İzoterm ve kinetik analizler, adsorpsiyon sürecinin Langmuir modeli ve yalancı ikinci dereceden kinetiğe uyduğunu ve iyon değişimi mekanizmasıyla gerçekleşen tek tabakalı kimyasal adsorpsiyona işaret ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Termodinamik değerlendirme, lityum adsorpsiyonunun kendiliğinden gerçekleştiğini ve endotermik olduğunu göstermiştir. Adsorban, gerçek atık çözeltilerinde Li⁺ iyonlarına karşı yüksek seçicilik göstermiş ve tekrarlı adsorpsiyon–desorpsiyon döngülerinde minimum titanyum kaybı ile kararlı performans sergilemiştir. Bu çalışma, XRF eritiş atıklarından lityum geri kazanımının uygulanabilirliğini ortaya koymakta ve lityum ile bor bakımından zengin kalıntıların döngüsel ekonomi kapsamında değerlendirilmesi için yeni bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Borat eritiş atığı
• Döngüsel ekonomi
• Lityum geri kazanımı
• titanyum temelli iyon elekler

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için ihtiyaç duyulmamaktadır.

Thanks

Yazarlar, bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesini mümkün kılan araştırma altyapısı ve laboratuvar olanaklarını sağladığı için TENMAK-Bor Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne teşekkür eder.

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