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Reflection of the Sun God Shamash in Judaism

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 26, 175 - 205, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1541097

Abstract

In the early centuries of Judaism, considered to be the first monotheistic religion (13th or 15th century BCE), it is known that the worship of celestial deities was widespread in Mesopotamia. Numerous passages in the Torah and archaeological findings indicate that these deities left their mark on various aspects of Jewish tradition. The primary aim of this study is to examine the possible presence and influence of solar worship in Judaism from the perspective of the Mesopotamian sun god, Shamash. The study analyses the similarities between Yahweh and Shamash and seeks to clarify these influences within the framework of the concept of “solarisation”. Focusing on the early periods of Judaism, this analysis provides a historical and cultural context for understanding the influence of Shamash on the Jewish religion. The article investigates in which religious teachings and rituals traces of solar worship can be observed in Judaism, what similarities exist between the attributes and depictions of Yahweh and Shamash, and how solar worship might have contributed to theological and cultural transformations in Jewish faith. In this context, the study considers the reasons for the “solarisation” effect in Judaism and how these influences can be traced in Jewish sacred texts. The research is based on two primary methods: textual analysis and archaeological investigation. The textual analysis examines passages in the Jewish sacred texts associated with Shamash and compares them from the perspective of Mesopotamian sun worship. The archaeological approach evaluates temple remains and ritual objects related to the sun god, found in Mesopotamia and believed to be connected to Judaism. The synthesis of these two approaches allows for a comprehensive examination of the possible influences of solar worship on Jewish tradition. The findings reveal that solar worship left discernible traces in Judaism. In particular, Yahweh’s association with light and certain attributes ascribed to him bear similarities to the characteristics of Shamash. These findings demonstrate the “solarization” effect in Judaism and provide a framework for understanding the impacts of solar worship on Jewish theology and tradition. In conclusion, traces of solar worship in Jewish tradition appear to have permeated through various interactions with both the southern and northern neighbours of ancient Israel. The influences in southern Israel are understood to have predominantly stemmed from cultural and religious motifs rooted in Canaanite and Egyptian traditions, transmitted directly or indirectly to Israel. Meanwhile, the northern influences are shaped through political and cultural contacts resulting from Assyrian campaigns. These interactions manifest in the symbols associated with the sun in Jewish sacred texts and the similarities in the depictions of Yahweh, clearly demonstrating the impact of solar worship on Jewish theology. These findings necessitate a broader theological and cultural perspective to evaluate the regional and historical context of solar worship elements in Jewish faith. Addressing a topic previously unexplored in Türkiye, this study aims to make a significant contribution to the Turkish academic literature.

References

  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. “İlahların Savaşı Baal Yahve Karşılaşması”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2/8 (2008), 103-118.
  • Akalın, Kürsat Haldun. “Baalizmin İsrail’deki İzdüşümü: Yahveizm”. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20/2 (2010), 64-78.
  • Alıcı, Mustafa. “Yaşayan Tanrı’dan Suskun Tanrı’ya: Yahudilik’te Tanrı Yahveh’nin Tarihsel Gelişimi”. Diyanet İlmî Dergi 59 (2023), 343-376.
  • Assmann, Jan. Mısırlı Musa: Batı Tektanrıcılığında Mısır’ın İzi. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2011.
  • Ay, Şeyma. “İsrail ve Yahuda Krallıkları Üzerine Düzenlenen Asur Seferleri”. History Studies 3/1 (2011), 2-14.
  • Ben-Tor, Amnon. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. çev. Rafaʾel Grinberg. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1992.
  • Bottéro, Jean. Mezopotamya, Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar. çev. Mehmet Emin Özcan. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi, 2012.
  • Bram, J. R. “Sun”. The Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Mircea Eliade. New York: MacMillan, 1987.
  • Bright, John. A Hi story of Israel. Lousville: Westminster John Knox Press, 4. Ed., 2000.
  • Çelebi, Nurgül. Sin Şamaş Düalitesi ve Dinlerdeki Yansıması. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2023.
  • Cogan, Mordechai. Imperialism and Religion: Assyria, Judah, and Israel in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.E. Missoula, Mont.: Society of Biblical Literature: distributed by Scholars Press, 1974.
  • Day, John. Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan John Day Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series. New York: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd, 2002.
  • Dever, William G. “Asherah, Consort of Yahweh? New Evidence from Kuntillet ʿAjrûd”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 255 (1984), 21–37.
  • Dezső, Tamás. The Assyria n Army I. The Structure Of The Neo-Assyrian Army. Budapeşte: Eötvös Loránd University Press, 2012.
  • Eichrodt, Walther. Ezekiel: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970.
  • Elayi, Josette. Sennacherib, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2018.
  • Ellicott, Charles John. Ellicott’s Bible Commentary. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1971.
  • Feldman, Marian - Sauvage, Caroline. “Objects Of Prestige? Chariots In The Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean And Near East”. Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 20 (2010), 67-178.
  • Frame, Grant. The Royal Inscriptions o f the Neo-Assyrian Period: The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705BC). Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2021.
  • Gray, Clifton Daggett. The Samas Religious Texts Classified in the British Museum Catalogue as Hymns, Prayers, and Incantations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1901.
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang. “The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38/2 (1986), 127–151.
  • Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible: Complete and Unabridged. Peabody, Mass.: Hendickson Publishers, New ed., 2008.
  • Herzog, Z. “The Stratigraphy at Beer-Sheba and the Location of the Sanctuary”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Or iental Research 225 (1977), 49-58.
  • Irwin, Brian P. Baal and Yahweh in the Old Testament: A Fresh Examination of the Biblical and Extra-Biblical Data. Toronto: University of St. Michael’s College, Doktora Tezi, 1999.
  • James, E. O. - Litt, D. The Old Testament in The Light of Anthropology. London: The Macmillan Company, 1935.
  • Kenyon, Dame Kathleen. Digging up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn, 1974.
  • Klingbeil, Martin. Yahweh Fighting from Heaven: God as Warrior and as God of Heaven in the Hebrew Psalter and Ancient Near Estern Iconography. Vandenhoeck: University Press Fribourg Switzerland, 1999.
  • Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. London: Forgotten Books, 2007.
  • Lambdin, Thomas Oden. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, Repr., 1982.
  • Lepinski, E. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. ed. Karel van der Toorn et al. Cambridge: Brill, 2. Ed., 1999.
  • Livingstone, Alasdair. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University Press, 1989.
  • Matty, Nazek Khalid. Sennacherib’s Campaign Against Judah and Jerusalem in 701 B.C.: A Historical Reconstruction. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016.
  • Mazar, ʿAmiḥai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E. New York: Doubleday, 1. paperback ed., 1992.
  • McKay, J. W. Religion in Judah under the Assyrians. London: SCM Press, 1973.
  • Mettinger, T. The Veto on Images and the Aniconic God in Ancient Israel. ed. H. Biezas. (Religious Symbols and Their Functions). Uppsalla: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1979.
  • Moscati, Sabatino. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: Phonology and Morphology / Monograph. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011.
  • Olyan, Saul M. Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1988.
  • Plato. Apology: The Apology of Socrates. Maryland: Wildside Press, 2018.
  • Puech, Émile. “Origine de 1’alphabet”. Revue Biblique 93 (1986), 161–213.
  • Reuss, Eduard. Die Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Alten Testaments. S .l.: Forgotten Books, 2022.
  • Sarlo, Daniel. The Solar Nature of Yahweh: Reconsidering the Identity of the Ancient Israelite Deity. Lanham: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2022.
  • Smith, Mark S. Psalms: The Divine Journey. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1987.
  • Smith, Mark S. “The Near Eastern Background of Solar Language for Yahweh”. Journal of Biblical Literature 109/1 (1990), 29–39 .
  • Smith, Morton - Cohen, Shaye J. D. Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume 1. Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Spronk, K. “Lord”. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Cambridge: Brill, 1999, 531–533.
  • Stahl, Michael. “The Historic al Origins of the Biblical God Yahweh”. Religion Compass 14 (2020), 1-14.
  • Stähli, Hans-Peter. Solare Elemente im Jahweglauben des Alten Testaments. Freiburg/Schweiz; Göttingen: Univ.-Verl.; Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1985. Starkey, James L. “Lachish as Illustrating Bible History”. PEQ 69 (1937), 171-179.
  • Taylor, Glen J. “A Response to Steve A Wiggins, ‘Yahweh, The God of Sun?’”. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 71 (1996), 107-119.
  • Taylor, Glen J. Yahweh and the Sun Biblical and Archaeological Evidence for Sun Worship in Ancient Israel. Sheffield: JSOT, 1993.
  • Thompson, R. Campbell. The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia. London: Luzac and co, 1903.
  • Toorn, Karel van der. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • Tushingham, A. D. Royal Israelite Seal (Part One). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970.
  • Vér, Ádám. “Coalitions and Alliances in 8th Century B.C.E.”. (Peace and War Josephus). ed. Viktor Kókai-Nagy and Ádám Vér. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2023, 97-114.
  • Wiggins, Steve A. “Yahweh: The God of Sun?”. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (1996), 89–106.
  • Yadin, Yigael. Hazor, the Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible. New York: Random House, 1. American ed., 1975.
  • Zimmerli, Walther. Ezekiel: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979.
  • Kutsal Kitap: Tevrat, Zebur İncil. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi – Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2011.

Güneş Tanrısı Şamaş’ın Yahudiliğe Yansıması

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 26, 175 - 205, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1541097

Abstract

Tek tanrılı dinlerin ilki kabul edilen Yahudiliğin doğduğu ilk yüzyıllarda (M.Ö. 13 veya 15), Mezopotamya’da özellikle gökyüzü tanrılarına dayalı tapımların oldukça yaygın olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu tanrıların çeşitli yönleriyle Yahudi geleneğinde izler bıraktığı Tevrat’taki çoğu pasajdan ve arkeolojik bulgulardan anlaşılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Yahudilikte güneş kültünün olası varlığını ve etkilerini Mezopotamya güneş tanrısı Şamaş bağlamında incelemektir. Çalışmada, Yahve ile Şamaş arasındaki benzerlikler analiz edilmiş ve bu etkilerin “solarizasyon” kavramı çerçevesinde açıklığa kavuşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Yahudiliğin erken dönemlerine odaklanan bu inceleme, Şamaş’ın Yahudi dini üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya yönelik tarihsel ve kültürel bir bağlam sunmaktadır. Makale, Yahudilikte güneş kültünün izlerinin hangi dinî öğretiler ve ritüellerde görüldüğünü, Yahve’nin özellikleri ve tasvirleri ile Şamaş arasındaki benzerliklerin neler olduğunu ve güneş kültünün Yahudi inancındaki teolojik ve kültürel değişime olası katkılarını incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda, Yahudilikteki “solarizasyon” etkisinin temel nedenleri ve Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde bu etkilerin nasıl izlenebildiği sorularına yanıt aranmaktadır. Araştırma, metinsel analiz ve arkeolojik veri incelemesi olmak üzere iki temel yöntem üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Metinsel analiz kapsamında, Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde geçen Şamaş ile ilişkili pasajlar incelenmiş ve bu metinler Mezopotamya güneş kültüyle karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Arkeolojik yöntemler çerçevesinde ise, Mezopotamya bölgesinde bulunan, Yahudilikle bağlantılı olabileceği düşünülen tapınak kalıntıları ile güneş tanrısına ilişkin ritüel objeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu iki yaklaşımın sentezi, güneş kültünün Yahudi geleneğindeki olası etkilerinin kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, Yahudilikte güneş kültünün belirgin izler taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle Yahve’nin ışıkla ilişkilendirilmesi ve ona atfedilen bazı niteliklerin Şamaş’ın özellikleriyle benzerlik taşıdığı görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, Yahudilikteki “solarizasyon” etkisini ortaya koymakta ve Yahudilikte güneş kültünün etkilerini anlamak için bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Yahudi geleneğinde güneş kültünün izleri, Antik İsrail’in hem güney hem kuzey komşularıyla kurduğu etkileşimler aracılığıyla çeşitli şekillerde sirayet etmiş görünmektedir. Güney İsrail’deki etkilerin çoğunlukla Kenan ülkesi ve Mısır geleneklerine dayalı kültürel ve dinî motiflerin doğrudan ya da dolaylı yollarla İsrail’e ulaşmasıyla belirginleştiği; kuzeydeki etkilerin ise Asur seferleri neticesinde oluşan siyasi ve kültürel temaslarla şekillendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu etkileşimler, Yahudi kutsal metinlerinde yer alan güneşle ilişkilendirilen semboller ve Yahve’nin tasvirlerindeki benzerliklerde somutlaşmakta, güneş kültünün Yahudi teolojisi üzerindeki etkilerini açıkça göstermektedir. Söz konusu bulgular, Yahudi inancındaki güneş kültü öğelerinin bölgesel ve tarihsel bağlamının daha geniş teolojik ve kültürel perspektiften değerlendirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Türkiye’de daha önce çalışılmamış bir konuyu ele alan bu çalışma, Türkçe literatüre önemli katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. “İlahların Savaşı Baal Yahve Karşılaşması”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2/8 (2008), 103-118.
  • Akalın, Kürsat Haldun. “Baalizmin İsrail’deki İzdüşümü: Yahveizm”. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 20/2 (2010), 64-78.
  • Alıcı, Mustafa. “Yaşayan Tanrı’dan Suskun Tanrı’ya: Yahudilik’te Tanrı Yahveh’nin Tarihsel Gelişimi”. Diyanet İlmî Dergi 59 (2023), 343-376.
  • Assmann, Jan. Mısırlı Musa: Batı Tektanrıcılığında Mısır’ın İzi. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2011.
  • Ay, Şeyma. “İsrail ve Yahuda Krallıkları Üzerine Düzenlenen Asur Seferleri”. History Studies 3/1 (2011), 2-14.
  • Ben-Tor, Amnon. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. çev. Rafaʾel Grinberg. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1992.
  • Bottéro, Jean. Mezopotamya, Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar. çev. Mehmet Emin Özcan. Ankara: Dost Yayınevi, 2012.
  • Bram, J. R. “Sun”. The Encyclopedia of Religion. ed. Mircea Eliade. New York: MacMillan, 1987.
  • Bright, John. A Hi story of Israel. Lousville: Westminster John Knox Press, 4. Ed., 2000.
  • Çelebi, Nurgül. Sin Şamaş Düalitesi ve Dinlerdeki Yansıması. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2023.
  • Cogan, Mordechai. Imperialism and Religion: Assyria, Judah, and Israel in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.E. Missoula, Mont.: Society of Biblical Literature: distributed by Scholars Press, 1974.
  • Day, John. Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan John Day Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series. New York: Sheffield Academic Press Ltd, 2002.
  • Dever, William G. “Asherah, Consort of Yahweh? New Evidence from Kuntillet ʿAjrûd”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 255 (1984), 21–37.
  • Dezső, Tamás. The Assyria n Army I. The Structure Of The Neo-Assyrian Army. Budapeşte: Eötvös Loránd University Press, 2012.
  • Eichrodt, Walther. Ezekiel: A Commentary. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970.
  • Elayi, Josette. Sennacherib, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press, 2018.
  • Ellicott, Charles John. Ellicott’s Bible Commentary. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1971.
  • Feldman, Marian - Sauvage, Caroline. “Objects Of Prestige? Chariots In The Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean And Near East”. Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 20 (2010), 67-178.
  • Frame, Grant. The Royal Inscriptions o f the Neo-Assyrian Period: The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721-705BC). Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2021.
  • Gray, Clifton Daggett. The Samas Religious Texts Classified in the British Museum Catalogue as Hymns, Prayers, and Incantations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1901.
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang. “The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies 38/2 (1986), 127–151.
  • Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible: Complete and Unabridged. Peabody, Mass.: Hendickson Publishers, New ed., 2008.
  • Herzog, Z. “The Stratigraphy at Beer-Sheba and the Location of the Sanctuary”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Or iental Research 225 (1977), 49-58.
  • Irwin, Brian P. Baal and Yahweh in the Old Testament: A Fresh Examination of the Biblical and Extra-Biblical Data. Toronto: University of St. Michael’s College, Doktora Tezi, 1999.
  • James, E. O. - Litt, D. The Old Testament in The Light of Anthropology. London: The Macmillan Company, 1935.
  • Kenyon, Dame Kathleen. Digging up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn, 1974.
  • Klingbeil, Martin. Yahweh Fighting from Heaven: God as Warrior and as God of Heaven in the Hebrew Psalter and Ancient Near Estern Iconography. Vandenhoeck: University Press Fribourg Switzerland, 1999.
  • Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. London: Forgotten Books, 2007.
  • Lambdin, Thomas Oden. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, Repr., 1982.
  • Lepinski, E. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. ed. Karel van der Toorn et al. Cambridge: Brill, 2. Ed., 1999.
  • Livingstone, Alasdair. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki University Press, 1989.
  • Matty, Nazek Khalid. Sennacherib’s Campaign Against Judah and Jerusalem in 701 B.C.: A Historical Reconstruction. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016.
  • Mazar, ʿAmiḥai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 B.C.E. New York: Doubleday, 1. paperback ed., 1992.
  • McKay, J. W. Religion in Judah under the Assyrians. London: SCM Press, 1973.
  • Mettinger, T. The Veto on Images and the Aniconic God in Ancient Israel. ed. H. Biezas. (Religious Symbols and Their Functions). Uppsalla: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1979.
  • Moscati, Sabatino. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: Phonology and Morphology / Monograph. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011.
  • Olyan, Saul M. Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1988.
  • Plato. Apology: The Apology of Socrates. Maryland: Wildside Press, 2018.
  • Puech, Émile. “Origine de 1’alphabet”. Revue Biblique 93 (1986), 161–213.
  • Reuss, Eduard. Die Geschichte der Heiligen Schriften Alten Testaments. S .l.: Forgotten Books, 2022.
  • Sarlo, Daniel. The Solar Nature of Yahweh: Reconsidering the Identity of the Ancient Israelite Deity. Lanham: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2022.
  • Smith, Mark S. Psalms: The Divine Journey. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1987.
  • Smith, Mark S. “The Near Eastern Background of Solar Language for Yahweh”. Journal of Biblical Literature 109/1 (1990), 29–39 .
  • Smith, Morton - Cohen, Shaye J. D. Studies in the Cult of Yahweh: Volume 1. Studies in Historical Method, Ancient Israel, Ancient Judaism. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
  • Spronk, K. “Lord”. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Cambridge: Brill, 1999, 531–533.
  • Stahl, Michael. “The Historic al Origins of the Biblical God Yahweh”. Religion Compass 14 (2020), 1-14.
  • Stähli, Hans-Peter. Solare Elemente im Jahweglauben des Alten Testaments. Freiburg/Schweiz; Göttingen: Univ.-Verl.; Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht, 1985. Starkey, James L. “Lachish as Illustrating Bible History”. PEQ 69 (1937), 171-179.
  • Taylor, Glen J. “A Response to Steve A Wiggins, ‘Yahweh, The God of Sun?’”. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 71 (1996), 107-119.
  • Taylor, Glen J. Yahweh and the Sun Biblical and Archaeological Evidence for Sun Worship in Ancient Israel. Sheffield: JSOT, 1993.
  • Thompson, R. Campbell. The Devils and Evil Spirits of Babylonia. London: Luzac and co, 1903.
  • Toorn, Karel van der. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. ed. David Noel Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • Tushingham, A. D. Royal Israelite Seal (Part One). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970.
  • Vér, Ádám. “Coalitions and Alliances in 8th Century B.C.E.”. (Peace and War Josephus). ed. Viktor Kókai-Nagy and Ádám Vér. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2023, 97-114.
  • Wiggins, Steve A. “Yahweh: The God of Sun?”. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (1996), 89–106.
  • Yadin, Yigael. Hazor, the Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible. New York: Random House, 1. American ed., 1975.
  • Zimmerli, Walther. Ezekiel: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979.
  • Kutsal Kitap: Tevrat, Zebur İncil. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi – Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2011.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Historical Religions, Jewish Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nurgül Çelebi 0000-0002-8011-0132

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date August 30, 2024
Acceptance Date December 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 26

Cite

ISNAD Çelebi, Nurgül. “Güneş Tanrısı Şamaş’ın Yahudiliğe Yansıması”. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 26/26 (December 2024), 175-205. https://doi.org/10.51553/bozifder.1541097.

Bozok University Journal of Faculty of Theology (BOZIFDER) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Non-Derivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY NC ND).