Taylarda Rhodococcus Equi Enfeksiyonunda Antibiyotik Kullanımı

Year 2024, , 31 - 34, 28.06.2024

Muhittin Uslu , Enver Yazar

https://doi.org/10.58833/bozokvetsci.1477849

Abstract

Rhodococcus equi taylarda yüksek oranlarda ölümlere neden olabilen hücre içi bir mikroorganizmadır. Öncelikle akciğerlerde lezyonlara neden olmakla birlikte diğer organlarda da etkili olabilmektedir. In vitro şartlarda birçok antibiyotik etkili olarak belirlenmekle birlikte tedavide çok azı kullanılabilmektedir. Atlarda sınırlı sayıda antibiyotik kullanımı tedaviyi güçleştirmektedir. Bu derlemede taylarda Rhodococcus equi enfeksiyonunda kullanılan antibiyotikler hakkında bilgiler verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Rhodococcus Equi, Tay, Antibakteriyel, Tedavi

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

Use of Antibiotics in Rhodococcus Equi Infection in Foals

Abstract

Rhodococcus equi is an intracellular microorganism that can cause high rates of death in foals. Although it primarily causes lesions in the lungs, it can also affect other organs. Although many antibiotics have been determined to be effective under in vitro conditions, very few can be used in treatment. The limited use of antibiotics in horses makes treatment difficult. In this review, it can be tried to give information about the antibiotics used in Rhodococcus equi infection in foals.

Keywords

Rhodococcus Equi, Foal, Antibacterial, Treatment

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

• 1- Giguere S, Prescott JF. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Rhodococcus equi infections in foals. Veterinary Microbiology 1997; 56: 313-334.
• 2- Yazar E, Er A. Tay Hastalıkları. Yazar E. (Eds). In: At. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2011; pp. 49-53.
• 3- Yazar E. Tek Tırnaklılarda Antibiyotik Kullanımı. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences 2012; 3(3): 25-31.
• 4- Giguere S. Treatment of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2017; 33: 67-85.
• 5- Linder R. Rhodococcus equi and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: two "coryneform" bacteria increasingly recognized as agents of human infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1997; 3: 145-153.
• 6- Aslam MW, Lau SF, Chin CSL, Ahmad NI, Rahman NA, et al. Clinicopathological and radiographic features in 40 cats diagnosed with pulmonary and cutaneous Rhodococcus equi infection (2012-2018). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2020; 22: 774-790.
• 7- Bryan LK, Clark SD, Delgado JD, Lawhon SD, Edwards JF. Rhodococcus equi infections in dogs. Veterinary Pathology 2017; 54: 159-163.
• 8- Hines SA, Kanaly ST, Byrne BA, Palmer GH. Immunity to Rhodococcus equi. Veterinary Microbiology 1997; 56: 177-185.
• 9- Cury JD, Harrington PT, Hosein IK. Successful medical therapy of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a patient with HIV infection. Chest 1992; 102(5): 1619-1621.
• 10- Meng Z, Li Y, Huang K, Li T, Lu H. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia among patients with AIDS clinical features and treatment (abstract). Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010; 90(9): 593-596.
• 11- Giguere S, Berghaus LJ, Lee EA. Activity of 10 antimicrobial agents against intracellular Rhodococcus equi. Veterinary Microbiology 2015; 178(3-4): 275-278.
• 12- Yazar E. Kemoterapötikler. Yazar E. (Eds). In: Veteriner İlaç Rehberi Tedavi El Kitabı, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2024; pp. 85-172.
• 13- Jacks S, Giguere S, Gronwall PR, Brown MP, Merritt KA. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and concentration in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells in foals. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001; 62(12): 1870-1875.
• 14- Davis JL, Gardner SY, Jones SL, Schwabenton BA, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after i.v. and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2002; 25: 99-104.
• 15- Berghaus LJ, Giguere S, Sturgill TL, Bade D, Malinski TJ, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, and in vitro activity of gamithromycin in foals. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2012; 35: 59-66.
• 16- Jacks S, Giguere S, Gronwall RR, Brown MP, Merritt K. Disposition of oral clarithromycin in foals. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2002; 25: 359-362.
• 17- Javsicas LH, Giguere S, Womble AY. Disposition of oral telithromycin in foals and in vitro activity of the drug against macrolide-susceptible and macrolide-resistant Rhodococcus equi isolates. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2010; 33(4): 383-388.
• 18- Burton AJ, Giguere S, Arnold RD. Pharmacokinetics, pulmonary disposition and tolerability of liposomal gentamicin and free gentamicin in foals. Equine Veterinary Journal 2015; 47(4): 467-472.
• 19- Womble A, Giguere S, Lee EA. Pharmacokinetics of oral doxycycline and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells of foals. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2007; 30(3): 187-193.
• 20- Burton AJ, Giguere S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus JL, Slovis NS, et al. Macrolide- and rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi on a horse breeding farm, Kentucky, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2013; 19: 282-285.
• 21- Huber L, Giguere S, Cohen ND, Slovis NM, Hanafi A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with emergence of Rhodococcus equi resistance to macrolides and rifampicin in horse-breeding farms in Kentucky, USA. Veterinary Microbiology 2019; 235: 243-247.
• 22- Erol E, Locke S, Saied A, Penn MJC, Smith J, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Rhodococcus equi from necropsied foals with rhodococcosis. Veterinary Microbiology 2020; 242: 108568.
• 23- Zuniga MP, Badillo E, Abalos P, Valencia ED, Marin P, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility ofRhodococcus equi strains isolated from foals in Chile. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2023; 39:231.
• 24- Yazar E. Veteriner İlaç ve Aşı A’da Z’ye. 1. Ed. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2018; pp. 38-252.
• 25- Cohen ND. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 2014; 30(3): 609-622.
• 26- Rakowska A, Cywinska A, Witkowski L. Current Trends in understanding and managing equine rhodococcosis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10(10): 1910.
• 27- Hildebrand F, Venner M, Giguere S. Efficacy of gamithromycin for the treatment of foals with mild to moderate bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2015; 29: 333-338.
• 28- Rutenberg D, Venner M, Giguere S. Efficacy of tulathromycin for the treatment of foals with mild to moderate bronchopneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2017; 31: 901-906.
• 29- Venner M, Credner N, Lammer M, Giguere S. Comparison of tulathromycin, azithromycin and azithromycin-rifampin for the treatment of mild pneumonia associated with Rhodococcus equi. Veterinary Record 2013; 173:397.
• 30- Giguere S, Jacks S, Roberts GD, Hernandez J, Long MT, et al. Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2004; 18(4): 568-573.
• 31- Wetzig M, Venner M, Giguere S. Efficacy of the combination of doxycycline and azithromycin for the treatment of foals with mild to moderate bronchopneumonia. Equine Veterinary Journal 2020; 52(4): 613-619.
• 32- Higuchi T, Arakawa T, Hashikura S, Inui T, Senba H, et al. Effect of prophylactic administration of hyperimmune plasma to prevent Rhodococcus equi infection on foals from endemically affected farms. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 1999; 46(9): 641-648.
• 33- Kahn SK, Blodgett GP, Canaday NM, Bevevino KE, Rocha JC, et al. Transfusion With 2 L of hyperimmune plasma is superior to transfusion of 1 L or less for protecting foals against subclinical pneumonia attributed to Rhodococcus equi. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2019; 79: 54-58.