Yas Psikolojisini Anlamak

Abstract

Yas, bir yakının kaybından sonra ortaya çıkan normal bir tepkidir ve iyileşmesi zaman alan bir süreçtir. İnsanların bir kayıptan sonra hayatlarını yeniden düzenlemek için geçirdikleri normal süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. Yas psikolojisini anlamak için, yasın teorik ve kavramsal çerçevesini anlamak ve yasın ötesine geçmek için etkili tedavi yaklaşımlarını kullanmak önemlidir. Bu bölümde, yasın teorik çerçevesinin yanı sıra yas sürecine ilişkin mitler ve kültürel çıkarımlar ile kalıcı karmaşık yas bozukluğu olarak teşhis edilen normal ve patolojik yas süreçlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Ayrıca, yas danışmanlığı, aile terapisi yaklaşımları, dışavurumcu sanat terapisi, bilişsel-davranışçı terapi, kişilerarası psikoterapi, karmaşık yas terapisi ve varoluşçu terapi gibi etkili yas terapisi yöntemlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Bu literatür taraması çalışması, yas sürecini ve psikolojisini farklı yönleriyle incelemekte, 21. yüzyıl yas terapisi yaklaşımlarının teorik çerçe- vesini anlayarak, yası çok boyutlu olarak tanımak, fark etmek ve çeşitli terapötik ekollerden çeşitli teknikler kullanarak bütüncül bir şekilde tedavi etmek için bir yapı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• YAS
• kalıcı karmaşık yas bozukluğu
• yas odaklı psikoterapi
• yas terapisi

Understanding the Psychology of Grief

Abstract

Grief is a normal response that occurs after the loss of a close one and is a process that takes time to heal. It can be defined as the normal process people go through to readjust their lives after a loss. To understand the psychology of grief, it is important to understand the theoretical and conceptual framework of grief and use effective treatment approaches to move beyond grief. In this chapter, a theoretical framework of grief, along with myths and cultural im- plications about the grieving process, and normal and pathological grief processes diagnosed as persistent complex bereavement disorder are mentioned. Also, it is mentioned about effective grief therapy methods such as grief coun- seling, family therapy approaches, expressive art therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychother- apy, complicated grief therapy, and existential therapy. This literature review study examines the grief process and psychology in different aspects, understanding the theoretical framework of 21st century grief therapy approaches to provide a structure to recognize and realize grief multidimensionally and treat it integratively with using several techniques from various therapeutical schools.

Keywords

• Grief
• Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder
• Grief Therapy
• Grief-Focused Psychotherapy.

References

1. Ayaz, T., Karanci, A. N., ve Aker, A. T. (2014). İki boyutlu yas ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Validity and reliability study of the Turkish form of the two-dimensional grief scale]. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 25, 253-263.
2. Batthyány, A. (Ed.). (2016). Logotherapy and existential analysis. Cham: Springer.
3. Black, D. W., and Grant, J. E. (2014). DSM-5® guidebook: the essential companion to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Pub.
4. Boelen, P. A., Van Den Hout, M. A., and Van Den Bout, J. (2006). A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(2), 109.
5. Boelen, P., and Van den Bout, J. (2010). Anxious and depressive avoidance and symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychologica Belgica, 50(1-2).
6. Boerner, K., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A. W., Wortman, C., and Pachana, N. A. (2015). Theories of grief and bereavement. Encyclo- pedia of geropsychology.
7. Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., ... and Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: a prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of personality and social psycholo- gy, 83(5), 1150.
8. Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Gibson C, Pessin H, Poppito S, Nelson C, et al. Meaning centered group psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychooncology, 2010;19(1):21–28.

9. Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., and Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: Toward a medi- ational model. Death studies, 30(5), 403-428.
10. Danışman, I. G., Yalçınay, M., ve Yıldız, N. (2017). Kanser Hastalarında Yas Belirtilerinin Ölçülmesi: Uzamış yas bozukluğu ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Measuring Bereavement Symptoms in Cancer Patients: The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the prolonged grief disorder scale]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 28(3), 190-7
11. Erdem Atak İ , Beyazıt U, Subay N, Sarı B, Kokucu G, Ünverdi H, ve ark. (2012). Karmaşık Yas Envanteri (revize edilmiş̧ formu)’nun Türkçe’ye çevirisi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Turkish translation of the Complex Grief Inventory (revised ̧ form): Validity and reliability study]. 17. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Poster Bildirisi, [17. National Psychology Congress Poster Statement] İ stan- bul.
12. Freud, S., (1997). Mourning and Melancholia. Standard Edition, Strachey J. (Ed), 14, Hogart Press, London 1917 (Trans. Uslu, R., Berksun, O.), Kriz Dergisi, 1; 98-103.
13. Gamino, A., Kenneth W. Sewell, Larry W. Easterling, L. (2000). Scott and White grief study phase 2: Toward an adaptive model of grief. Death Studies, 24(7), 633-660.
14. Gross, R. (2016). Understanding grief: An introduction. Routledge.
15. Harrington, J. A., and Neimeyer, R. A. (Eds.). (2020). Superhero Grief: The Transformative Power of Loss. Routledge.
16. Harris, C. B., Brookman, R., and O’Connor, M. (2021). It’s not who you lose, it’s who you are: Identity and symptom trajectory in prolonged grief. Current Psychology, 1-11.
17. James, J. W., and Friedman, R. (2014). The Grief Recovery Handbook. 20th Anniversary Expanded Edition (224). Harper Per- ennial.
18. Jung, C. G. (1997). Jung on active imagination: key essays selected and introduced by Joan Chodorow. London: Routledge.
19. Kahraman, S. (2021). Yas süreçleri ve kişilik. [Grief processes and personality]. Iksad yayınları.
20. Komischke-Konnerup, K. B., Zachariae, R., Johannsen, M., Nielsen, L. D., and O’Connor, M (2021). Co-occurrence of prolonged grief symptoms and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress in bereaved adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100-140.
21. Köroğlu E. (Trans. Ed.). Amerikan psikiyatri birliği. ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı beşinci baskı (DSM-5). [Amer- ican psychiatric association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5)]. Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği, 2014, 1094-1098.
22. Lazarus, R. S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.
23. Levine, S. K. (2009). Trauma, tragedy, therapy: The arts and human suffering. London: Jessica Kingsley.
24. Lichtenthal, W. G., and Breitbart, W. (2015). The central role of meaning in adjustment to the loss of a child to cancer: Implications for the development of meaning-centered grief therapy. Current opinion in supportive and palliative care, 9(1), 46.
25. Lichtenthal, W. G., Catarozoli, C., Masterson, M., Slivjak, E., Schofield, E., Roberts, K. E., ... and Breitbart, W. (2019). An open trial of meaning-centered grief therapy: Rationale and preliminary evaluation. Palliative and supportive care, 17(1), 2-12.
26. Lichtenthal, W. G., Cruess, D. G., and Prigerson, H. G. (2004). A case for establishing complicated grief as a distinct mental disorder in DSM-V. Clinical psychology review, 24(6), 637-662.
27. Linden, M., Baumann, K., Lieberei, B., and Rotter, M. (2009). The post‐traumatic embitterment disorder self‐rating scale (PTED scale). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory and Practice, 16(2), 139-147.
28. Lumb, A. B., Beaudry, M., and Blanchard, C. (2017). Posttraumatic growth and bereavement: The contribution of self-determina- tion theory. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 75, 311-336. doi:10.1177/0030222816652971
29. Maccallum, F., and Bryant, R. A. (2013). A cognitive attachment model of prolonged grief: Integrating attachments, memory, and identity. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 713-727.
30. Malgaroli, M., Maccallum, F., and Bonanno, G. A. (2018). Symptoms of persistent complex bereavement disorder, depression, and PTSD in a conjugally bereaved sample: a network analysis. Psychological Medicine, 48(14), 2439-2448.
31. Malkinson, R. (2013). Bilişsel yas terapisi: Bir yakınını yitirdikten sonra yaşamın anlamını yeniden yapılandırma. [Cognitive grief therapy: Reconstructing the meaning of life after the loss of a loved one]. Trans. S. Kunt-Akbaş). Ankara: Hekimler Birliği Yayınları. (Published in Cognitive Grief Therapy, 2007).
32. Maniacek, M. A. (1982). Logotherapy: A grief counseling process. In International Forum for Logotherapy. Viktor Frankl Inst of Logotherapy.
33. McNiff, S. (2009). Integrating the arts in therapy: History, theory and practice. Springfeld, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
34. Moorey, S., and Greer, S. (2011). Oxford guide to CBT for people with cancer. Oxford University press.
35. Neimeyer, R. A., Harris, D. L., Winokuer, H. R., and Thornton, G. F. (2011). Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice. Routledge.
36. Parkes, C. M. (1986). Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. London: Penguin Books.
37. Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds III, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., ... and Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of Complicated Grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry research, 59(1-2), 65-79.
38. Prigerson, H., G, Vanderwerker, L., C ve Maciejewski P., K. (2008) A case for inclusion of prolonged grief disorder in DSM-V. In: Stroebe M, Hansson R, Schut H and Stroebe W, eds. Handbook of Bereavement Research and Practice: 21st-century perspec- tives, 165–86. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Romanoff, B., and Thompson, B. (2006). Meaning construction in palliative care: The use of narrative, ritual, and the expressive arts. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 4, 309–316.
40. Rubin, S. S., Bar Nadav, O., Malkinson, R., Koren, D., Goffer-Shnarch, M., and Michaeli, E. (2009). The Two-Track Model of Bereave- ment Questionnaire (TTBQ): Development and validation of a relational measure. Death Studies, 33(4), 305-333.
41. Sands, D., and Tennant, M. (2010). Transformative learning in the context of suicide bereavement. Adult Education Quarterly, 60(2), 99–121.
42. Savaş, E. (2020). COVID-19 Sürecinde yas. [Grief in COVID-19 Pandemic]. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 82- 89.
43. Schut, M. S. H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death studies,23(3), 197-224.
44. Sharf, R. S. (2015). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases. Cengage Learning.
45. Shear, M. K., and Gribbin Bloom, C. (2017). Complicated grief treatment: An evidence-based approach to grief therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 6-25.
46. Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., ... and Keshaviah, A. (2011). Complicated grief and related be- reavement issues for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(2), 103-117.
47. Shear, M. K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., and Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 71(11), 1287-1295.
48. Southwick, S. M., Lowthert, B.T., and Graber, A. V. (2016). Relevance and application of logotherapy to enhance resilience to stress and trauma. In Logotherapy and existential analysis (pp. 131-149). Springer, Cham.
49. Soysal, G. C. (2020). Kayıp yaşantılarında bitmemiş işler ölçeği-kısa form: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. [Unfinished works in loss experiences scale-short form: Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21, 23-30.
50. Stroebe, M. S., and Schut, H. (2001). Meaning making in the dual process model of coping with bereavement. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss (pp. 55–73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
51. Ünal, Ş., Güney, S., Kartalcı, Ş., ve Reyhani, İ . (2011). Travma Sonrası Hayata Küsme Bozukluğu Ölçeğinin (PTED Self-Rating Scale) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. [The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Post Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Scale (PTED) Self-Rating Scale]. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 24(1), 32-37.
52. Van der Houwen, K., Stroebe, M., Schut, H., Van den Bout, J., and Wijngaards-de Meij, L. (2010). Risk factors for bereavement outcome: A multivariate approach. Death Studies, 34, 195–220.
53. Van Deurzen, E., Craig, E., Längle, A., Schneider, K. J., Tantam, D., and du Plock, S. (2019). The Wiley World Handbook of Existential Therapy.
54. Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., and White, P. (2020). Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for pallia- tive care providers. Journal of pain and symptom management, 60(1), 70-76.
55. Wilsey, S. A., and Shear, M. K. (2007). Descriptions of social support in treatment narratives of complicated grievers. Death Stud- ies, 31(9), 801-819.
56. Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Springer publishing Company.
57. Wortman, C. B., and Silver, R. C. (1989). The myths of coping with loss. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 57(3), 349.
58. Yörük, S., Türkmen, H., Yalnız, H., ve Nebioğlu, M. (2016). Gebelikte yas, kayıp ve ebelik. [Grief, loss and midwifery in pregnan- cy]. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 207-212.