Investigation of Resistance of Some Lettuce Varieties against Lettuce Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease Agent Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians and the Susceptibility of the Disease Agent to Copper

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 6, 603 - 612, 15.11.2024

Richard Lee Kolleh Hüseyin Basım

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1501121

Abstract

Bacterial Leaf Spot (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians (Xhv), is a significant disease affecting lettuce cultivation and causing crop losses. In this study, eight lettuce varieties were tested against the most virulent strain (HBXcv1) of X. hortorum pv. vitians using two inoculation methods: hand sprayer and needle syringe. The symptoms appearing on lettuce plants ten days after bacterial inoculation using the spraying method were evaluated. The varieties' tolerance levels were determined using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT), with Carmesi RZ Lolo being the most tolerant variety (DMRT mean of 0.25 at 5% significance level) and Cospirina being the most susceptible variety (DMRT mean of 216.55 at 5% significance level). After bacterial inoculations using a syringe with a needle, similar reactions were observed in lettuce as those obtained from spray inoculations. Among different lettuce varieties, Carmesi RZ Lolo showed the most tolerance to the effect of HBXcv1. No symptoms were found in lettuce leaves after 10 days of inoculation. On the other hand, Cospirina, Nun 06118, and Presidential lettuce varieties were determined to be sensitive to HBXcv1. In the second part of the study, the susceptible level of Xhv HBXcv1 strain to different copper sulfate (CuSO4) concentrations was investigated using Nutrient Agar and Casitone Yeast extract agar. HBXcv1 strain was found to be resistant to 50ppm CuSO4 and susceptible to 100ppm and 200ppm. These results contribute to understanding the response of lettuce varieties to BLS. It has been found that copper-containing mixtures may be effective in the chemical control of Xhv infections.

Keywords

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians, Copper sulfate, Resistance, Susceptible, Lettuce

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

The authors give thanks to Prof. Dr. Esin BASIM (Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye) for kindly providing assistance in laboratory work carried out in this research.

References

• Al-Saleh M, Ibrahim Y. 2009. First report of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in Saudi Arabia. Int J Appl Plant Pathol, 93 (1): 107-107.
• Bari R, Jones JD. 2009. Role of plant hormones in plant defense responses. Plant Mol Biol, 69: 473-488.
• Basim E, Basim, H, Baki, D. 2017. Detection and identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, a causal agent of Lettuce Bacterial Leaf Spot Disease, in the Southwest Mediterranean region of Turkey. International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies (ICAFOF), 15-17 May, Nevşehir, Türkiye, pp: 475.
• Brown NA. 1918. Some bacterial diseases of lettuce. Depart Agri, 13: 367-388.
• Bull CT, Gebben SJ, Goldman PH, Trent M, Hayes RJ. 2015. Host genotype and hypersensitive reaction influence population levels of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in lettuce. Phytopathol, 105: 316-324.
• Bull CT, Goldman Hayes P, H, R, Madden L, V, Koike S, T, Ryder E. 2007. Genetic Diversity of Lettuce for Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Spot Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. Plant Health Prog, 8 (1): 11.
• Christopoulou M, McHale LK, Kozik A, Reyes-Chin Wo, Wroblewski T, Michelmore RW. 2015. Dissection of two complex clusters of resistance genes in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Mol Plant Microbe In, 28(7): 751-765.
• Cooksey DA. 1994. Molecular mechanisms of copper resistance and accumulation in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 14: 381–386.
• Dowson WJ, 1943. On the generic names pseudomonas, xanthomonas and bacterium for certain bacterial plant pathogens. Trans Br Mycol Soc, 26 (1-2): 4-14.
• Fan XJ, Saleem T, Zou HS. 2022. Copper resistance mechanisms in plant pathogenic bacteria. Phytopathol Mediterr, 61(1): 129-138.
• Griffin K, Gambley C, Brown P Li Y. 2017. Copper-tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas spp. and the control of diseases associated with these pathogens in tomato and pepper. A systematic literature review. Crop Prot, 96: 144-150.
• Hayes RJ, Mark A, Trent MA, Truco MJ, Antonise R, Michelmore RWCT. 2014. The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf spot of lettuce caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in three lettuce cultivars. Hortic Res, 1: 14066.
• Hebert PO, Laforest M, Xu D, Ciotola M, Cadieux M, Beaulieu C, Toussaint V. 2021. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of lettuce bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas Campestris pv. vitians populations collected in Quebec, Canada. Agronomy, 11 (12): 2386.
• Koike ST, Gilbertson RL, Bull CT. 2018. Bacterial leaf spot. The Amer Phyt Soc, 2nd ed., St. Paul, Roma, Italy, pp: 54–56.
• McHale L, Tan X, Koehl P, Michelmore RW. 2006. Plant NBS-LRR proteins: adaptable guards. Genome Biol, 7: 1-11.
• McHale LK, Truco MJ, Kozik A, Wroblewski T, Ocho, Lahre KA, Michelmore RW. 2009. The genomic architecture of disease resistance in lettuce. Theor Appl Genet, 118: 565-580.
• Moriniere L, Burlet A, Rosenthal ER, Nesme X, Portier P, Bull CT, Bertolla F. 2020. Clarifying the taxonomy of the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce through a polyphasic approach. Syst Appl Microbiol, 43(4): 126087.
• Munita JM, Arias CA. 2016. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. Microbiol Spectr, 481-511.
• Nicolas O, Charles MT, Jenni S, Toussaint V, Beaulieu C. 2018. Relationships between Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians population sizes, stomatal density and lettuce resistance to bacterial leaf spot. Can J Plant Pathol, 40 (3): 399-407.
• Nicolas O, Charles MT, Jenni S, Toussaint V, Parent SE, Beaulieu C. 2019. The ionomics of lettuce infected by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. Front Plant Sci, 10: p423544.
• Pernezny K, Nagata R, Havranek N, Sanchez J. 2008. Comparison of two culture media for determination of the copper resistance of xanthomonas strains and their usefulness for prediction of control with copper bactericides. Crop Prot, 27 (2): 256-262.
• Pernezny K, Raid RN, Stall RE, Hodge N, Collins J. 1995. An outbreak of bacterial spot of lettuce in florid caused by xanthomonas hortorum pv. vitians. Plant Dis, 79: 359-336.
• Pierce LC. 1987. Vegetables: characteristics, production and marketing. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, pp: 433.
• Pohronezny K, Stall RE, Canteros BI, Kegley M, Datnoff LE, Subramanya R. 1992. Sudden shift in the prevalent race of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in pepper fields in Southern Florida. Plant Dis, 76:118-120.
• Richard D, Boyer C, Lefeuvre P, Canteros BI, Beni-Madhu S, Portier P, Pruvost O. 2017. Complete genome sequences of six copper-resistant xanthomonas strains causing bacterial spot of solaneous plants, belonging to x. gardneri, x. euvesicatoria, and x. vesicatoria, using long-read technology. Genome Announ, 5 (8): 10-1128.
• Robinson PE. 2003. The epidemiology of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, causal organism of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce. University of Florida, Florida, USA, pp: 52.
• Ryder EJ. 1979. Leafy salad vegetables. The AVI Publishing Company Inc, New York, USA, pp: 28.
• Sandoya GV, Maisonneuve B, Truco MJ, Bull CT, Simko I, Trent M, Michelmore RW. 2019. Genetic analysis of resistance to bacterial leaf spot in the heirloom lettuce cultivar Reine des Glaces. Mol Breed, 39: 1-11.
• Simko I. 2013. Marker‐assisted selection for disease resistance in lettuce. Translat Genom Crop Breed: Biotic Stress, 1: 267-289.
• Strayer-Scherer A, Liao YY, Young M, Ritchie L, Valla GE, Santra S, Paret ML. 2018. Advanced copper composites against copper-tolerant xanthomonas perforans and tomato bacterial spot. Phytopathol, 108 (2):196-205.
• Şahin F, Miller SA. 1998. Two new hosts of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians. Plant Dis, 82 (2): 262.
• Zhang L, Li X, Liu L, Ma Y. 2018. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians-induced changes in phytohormone and defense-related compound levels in lettuce. Front Microbiol, 9: 2392.