Türkiye'de Göçmenlere Yönelik Tutumların Belirleyicileri Nelerdir? Dünya Değerler Araştırmasından Kanıtlar

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, sosyal değerlerin ve demografik karakteristiklerin Türkiye'deki göçmenlere yönelik tutumlar üzerindeki etkisini bulmak amaçlanmıştır. Ampirik analiz için World Values Survey’in 7. dalga verileri kullanılmıştır. 2018 yılına ait birey düzeyindeki veriler, göçmenlere yönelik olumsuz tutumların artmasında din ve milliyetçiliğin kilit rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bireylerin sosyal sınıfı iyileştikçe, göçmen karşıtı düşünceleri azalma eğilimindedir. Ancak, işgücü piyasasındaki kıt iş olanakları üzerinde potansiyel bir rekabet endişesi ortaya çıktığında, sosyal sınıf sıçramaları göçmenlere karşı ayrımcılıkla sonuçlanmaktadır. Siyasi görüş, eğitim, yaş ve medeni durum için logit regresyon katsayıları istatistiksel olarak sağlam değildir. Olumsuz tutumlara dair farklı bağımlı değişkenler kullanıldığında bu katsayıların istatistiksel anlamlılıkları değişmektedir. Dolayısıyla, demografik özellikler Türkiye'de göçe yönelik düşünceleri sistematik olarak etkilememektedir. Daha çok, değerler ve toplumdaki sosyoekonomik konum göçmenlere yönelik görüşler üzerinde etkilidir.

Keywords

• Göçmenler
• Göç
• Din
• Milliyetçilik
• Sosyoekonomik Değerler

What are the Determinants of Attitudes Towards Immigrants in Turkey? Evidence from the World Values Survey

Abstract

In this study, I aim to find the impact of social values and demographic characteristics on attitudes toward immigrants in Turkey. For the empirical analysis, wave 7 data from the World Values Survey (WVS) is used. Individual-level data from 2018 shows that religion and nationalism play a key role in increasing negative attitudes toward immigrants. As individuals' social class improves, their anti-immigrant sentiments tend to decrease. However, when there is concern about potential competition for scarce jobs in the labor market, social class jumps result in discrimination against immigrants. The logit regression coefficients for political opinion, education, age and marital status do not show robust results in different models using different measures of negative attitudes. Thus, demographic characteristics do not systematically influence opinions toward immigration in Turkey. Rather, values and socioeconomic position in society have an impact on opinions toward immigrants.

Keywords

• Immigrants
• Immigration
• Religion
• Nationalism
• Socioeconomic Values

References

1. Aldrich, J. H., & Nelson, F. D. (1984). Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. (Vols. 07-045). Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
2. Balkan, B., & Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and Prices: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Journal of Population Economics, 29, 657-686. doi:10.1007/s00148-016-0583-2.
3. Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative Analyses of Public Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration Using Multinational Survey Data: A Review of Theories and Research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651.
4. Chandler, C. R., & Tsai, Y.-m. (2001). Social Factors Influencing Immigration Attitudes: An Analysis of Data from The General Social Survey. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 177-188. doi:10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00106-9.
5. Citrin, J., & Sides, J. (2008). Immigration and the Imagined Community in Europe and the United States. Political Studies, 56(1), 33-56.
6. Constant, A. F., Kahanec, M., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2009). Attitudes Towards Immigrants, Other Integration Barriers, and Their Veracity. International Journal of Manpower, 30(1/2), 5-14. doi:10.1108/01437720910948357.
7. Cooray, A., Marfouk, A., & Nazir, M. (2018). Public Opinion and Immigration: Who Favours Employment Discrimination against Immigrants?. International Migration, 56(6), 5-23. doi:10.1111/imig.12457.
8. Erdoğan, M. M., & Kaya, E. (Eds.). (2015). Türkiye’nin Göç Tarihi. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Espenshade, T. J., & Hempstead, K. (1996). Contemporary American Attitudes toward U.S. Immigration. International Migration Review, 30(2), 535-570. doi:10.1177/019791839603000207.

9. Fennelly, K., & Federico, C. (2008). Rural Residence as a Determinant of Attitudes Toward US Immigration Policy. International Migration, 46(1), 151-190. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00440.x.
10. Haubert, J., & Fussell, E. (2006). Explaining Pro-Immigrant Sentiment in the U.S.: Social Class, Cosmopolitanism, and Perceptions of Immigrants. International Migration Review, 40(3), 489-507. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00033.x.
11. Hoxhaj, R., & Zuccotti, C. V. (2021). The Complex Relationship Between Immigrants’ Concentration, Socioeconomic Environment and Attitudes Towards Immigrants in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 272-292. doi:10.1080/01419870.2020.1730926.
12. Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos, M., Norris, P.; Ponarin, E., Puranen, B. (Eds.). (2022). World Values Survey: All Rounds - Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria. doi:10.14281/18241.17.
13. Karapınar Kocağ, E., & Longhi, S. (2022). Individual Attitudes towards Immigration in Turkey: Evidence from the European Social Survey. Societies, 12(6), 194. doi: doi.org/10.3390/soc12060194.
14. McAuliffe, M., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2021). World Migration Report 2022. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM). https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/, (Retrieved:03.20.2023).
15. O'Rourke, K. H., & Sinnott, R. (2006). The Determinants of Individual Attitudes towards Immigration. European Journal of Political Economy, 838-861. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.10.005.
16. Rustenbach, E. (2010). Sources of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants in Europe: A Multi-Level Analysis. International Migration Review, 44(1), 53-77. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x.
17. Tolay, J. (2015). Discovering Immigration into Turkey: The Emergence of a Dynamic Field. International Migration, 53(6), 57-73. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00741.x.
18. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020a). International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock, (Retrieved:01.15.2023).
19. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2020b). International Migration 2020 Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/452). New York: United Nations Publication. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/publications, (Retrieved: 01.03.2023).
20. United Nations International Organization for Migration, Global Migration Data Analysis Centre. (2021, January 20). Key International Migration Statistics by Country. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/international-data?i=stock_abs_&t=2020, (Retrieved: 01.20.2023).
21. World Values Survey Association. (2018). World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017-2020) Turkey v3.0. https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp, (Retrieved: 01.15.2023).
22. Zimmermann, K. F., Kahanec, M., Constant, A., DeVoretz, D., Gataullina, L., & Zaiceva, A. (2008). Study on the Social and Labour Market. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).