BEDENSEL YETERSİZLİĞİ BULUNAN SPORCULARIN SOSYAL BÜTÜNLEŞME VE EGZERSİZ BAĞIMLILIĞI'NI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; cinsiyet, takım ve bireysel spor yapma faktörlerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı ve sporda sosyal bütünleşmeyi etkileyip etkilemediğinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya aktif olarak spor yapan ve çeşitli bedensel yetersizlikleri bulunan 18-47 yaş arası toplam 233 birey katıldı. Veri toplama aracı olarak, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (EBÖ) ve Sporda Sosyal Bütünleşme Ölçeği (SSBÖ) kullanıldı. Erkek bireylerin EBÖ-Zaman-Egzersiz Tercihi değerleri kadın bireylerden, kadın bireylerin SSBÖ-Toplam, SSBÖ-Sosyalleşme, SSBÖ-Fiziksel Fayda, SSBÖ-Bütünleşme ve SSBÖ-Ahlaki Gelişim değerleri erkekler bireylerden yüksek tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Takım sporu yapan bireylerin EBÖ-Kontrol Eksikliği değerleri bireysel spor yapanlardan, bireysel spor yapanların SSBÖ-Bütünleşme ve SSBÖ-Ahlaki Gelişim değerleri takım sporu yapanlardan daha yüksektir (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, spor yapan bedensel yetersizliği bulunan bireylerde egzersiz bağımlılığı (EB) yüksektir ve cinsiyet, uzun süre spor yapmak ve spor tercihleri EB'nı etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, bu bireylerin sosyal bütünleşme düzeyleri de oldukça yüksektir ve bu durumu cinsiyet ile spor tercihleri (bireysel yada takım) etkilemektedir. Toplumla bütünleşmesi için özen gösterilen ve spora yönlendirilen bedensel yetersizliği bulunan bireylere spor katkı sağlanmakta ve onları sosyalleştirmektedir. Fakat sosyalleşen bu bireyler EB riski altındadır. EB riski altında olan bedensel yetersizliği bulunan bireyleri bu konuda etkileyen başka faktörler de daha derinlemesine incelenmeli ve olumsuz faktörler ortaya çıkarılmalıdır.

Keywords

• Spor
• Bedensel Yetersizlik
• Egzersiz Bağımlılığı
• Sosyal Bütünleşme

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND EXERCISE DEPENDENCE OF ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

Abstract

The aim of this study was whether gender, team and individual sports factors affect exercise dependence and social integration in sports. A total of 233 individuals between the ages of 18-47 who actively engage in sports and have various physical disabilities participated in the study. Personal Information Form, The Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and Social Integration in Sports Scale (SISS) were used as data collection tools. Male individuals 'EDS-Time-Exercise Preference values were higher than female individuals, while female individuals' SISS-Total, SISS-Socialization, SISS-Physical Benefit, SISS-Integration and SISS-Moral Development values were higher than male individuals (p<0.05). The values of EDS-Lack of Control of the individuals engaged in team sports were higher than those who did individual sports, and the values of SISS-Integration and SISS-Moral Development of individuals who did individual sports were higher than those who did team sports (p<0.05). As a result, exercise dependence (ED) was high in individuals with physical disabilities who do sports, and gender and sports preferences affect ED. In addition, the social integration levels of these individuals were quite high, and this was affected by gender and sports preferences (individual or team). Individuals with physical disabilities, who are cared for to integrate with the society and are directed to sports, contribute to sports and socialize them. However, these socialized individuals are at risk of ED. Other factors affecting individuals with physical disabilities who are at risk of ED should be examined in more depth and negative factors should be revealed.

References

1. 1. Akil M. (2012). Effect of acute exercises applied to sedentaries on various enzyme levels related to muscle damages. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 6(2), 284-287.
2. 2. Dyer BT., Deans SA. (2017). Swimming with limb absence: A systematic review. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering. 4, 1-10.
3. 3. Top E., Akıl M. (2018). Effects of a 3 month recreative exercise applied to individuals with intellectual disability on their electromyogram EMG variations and balance performance. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 64(4-5), 283-288.
4. 4. Wind WM., Schwend RM., Larson J. (2004). Sports for the physically challenged child. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 12(2), 126-137.
5. 5. Top E., Akıl M. (2017). The effect of 10-week swimming exercise on life qualities of individuals with mild intellectual disability and their families. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches. 8(1), 53-61.
6. 6. World Health Organization (2018). Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7. 7. Bull FC., Al-Ansari SS., Biddle S., Borodulin K., Buman MP., Cardon G., Carty C., Chaput JP., Chastin S., Chou R., Dempsey PC., DiPietro L., Ekelund U., Firth J., Friedenreich CM., Garcia L., Gichu M., Jago R., Katzmarzyk PT., Lambert E., Willumsen JF. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 54(24), 1451-1462.
8. 8. Kong Z., Sze TM., Yu JJ., Loprinzi PD., Xiao T., Yeung AS., Li C., Zhang H., Zou L. (2019). Tai Chi as an alternative exercise to improve physical fitness for children and adolescents with intellectual disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(7), 1152.

9. 9. Bruner MW., Boardley ID., Benson AJ., Wilson KS., Root Z., Turnnidge J., Sutcliffe J., Côté J. (2018). Disentangling the relations between social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in competitive youth sport. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 47(5), 1113-1127.
10. 10. Kavussanu M., Al-Yaaribi A. (2019). Prosocial and antisocial behaviour in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 19(2), 179-202.
11. 11. Spruit A., Kavussanu M., Smit T., Ijntema M. (2019). The relationship between moral climate of sports and the moral behavior of young athletes: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 48(2), 228-242.
12. 12. Cash E., Toney-Butler TJ. (2020). Social Relations. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
13. 13. Thoits PA. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 52(2), 145-161.
14. 14. Seippel Ø. (2019). Do sports matter to people? A cross-national multilevel study. Sport in Society. 22(3), 327-341.
15. 15. DiBello J., Murphy L., Palacios I. (2020). Social integration and community health participation of elderly men in Peri-Urban Ecuador. Annals of Global Health. 86(1), 138.
16. 16. Janssens J., Verweel P. (2014). The significance of sports clubs within multicultural society. On the accumulation of social capital by migrants in culturally «mixed» and «separate» sports clubs. European Journal of Sport and Society. 11, 35-58.
17. 17. Esser H. (2009). Pluralisierung oder assimilation? Effekte der multiplen Inklusion auf die Integration von Migranten [Pluralisation or Assimilation? Effects of multiple inclusion on the integration of immigrants]. Zeitschrift F€ur Soziologie. 38, 358-378.
18. 18. Østerlund K., Seippel Ø. (2013). Does membership in civil society organizations foster social integration? The case of Danish voluntary sport organizations. Journal of Civil Society. 9(4), 391-413.
19. 19. Cardone P. (2019). The gym as intercultural meeting point? Binding effects and boundaries in gym interaction. European Journal for Sport and Society. 16(2), 111-127.
20. 20. Waardenburg M., Nagel S. (2019). Social roles of sport organisations: Developments, contexts and challenges. European Journal for Sport and Society. 16(2), 83-87.
21. 21. Lichtenstein MB., Hinze CJ., Emborg B., Thomsen F., Hemmingsen SD. (2017). Compulsive exercise: Links, risks and challenges faced. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 10, 85-95.
22. 22. Kern L. (2010). Relation entre la dépendance à l'exercice physique et les cinq dimensions de la personnalité [Relationship between exercise dependence and big five personality]. L'Encephale. 36(3), 212-218.
23. 23. Szabo A., Griffiths MD., De La Vega Marcos R., Mervó B., Demetrovics Z. (2015). Methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 88(3), 303-308.
24. 24. Attila S., Amit P., Mark DG., Rita K., Zsolt D. (2019). The psychometric evaluation of the revised exercise addiction inventory: Improved psychometric properties by changing item response rating. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 8(1), 157-161.
25. 25. Mónok K., Berczik K., Urbán R., Szabo A., Griffiths MD., Farkas J., Magi A., Eisinger A., Kurimay T., Kökönyei G., Kun B., Paksi B., Demetrovics Z. (2012). Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of two exercise addiction measures: A population wide study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 13(6), 739-746.
26. 26. Anderson SJ., Basson CJ., Geils C. (1997). Personality style and mood states associated with a negative addiction to running. Sports Medicine. 4, 6-11.
27. 27. Smith D., Wright C., Winrow D. (2010). Exercise dependence and social physique anxiety in competitive and non-competitive runners. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 8(1), 61-69.
28. 28. Lichtenstein MB., Christiansen E., Bilenberg N., Støving RK. (2014). Validation of the exercise addiction inventory in a Danish sport context. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 24(2), 447-453.
29. 29. Hausenblas AH., Downs SD. (2002). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. Psychology and Health. 17(4), 387-404.
30. 30. Szabo A., Vega R., Ruiz-BarquÍn R., Rivera O. (2013). Exercise addiction in Spanish athletes: Investigation of the roles of gender, social context and level of involvement. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2(4), 249-252.
31. 31. Modolo VB., Antunes HK., Gimenez PR., Santiago ML., Tufik S., Mello MT. (2011). Negative addiction to exercise: Are there differences between genders?. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 66(2), 255-260.
32. 32. Büyüköztürk Ş., Çakmak EK., Akgün ÖE., Karadeniz Ş., Demirel F. (2017). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Pegem Atıf İndeksi.
33. 33. Gürbüz B., Aşçı FH. (2006). Egzersiz Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-21’in egzersiz katılımcıları için psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi-ön çalışma. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 11(2), 3-10.
34. 34. Yılmaz B., Karlı Ü., Yetim AA. (2006). Sporda Sosyal Bütünleşme Ölçeği (SSBÖ) geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 11(4), 3-10.
35. 35. Petit A., Lejoyeux M. (2013). La dépendance à l'exercice physique [Exercise addiction]. Revue Medicale de Liege. 68(5-6), 331-339.
36. 36. Furst DM., Germone K. (1993). Negative addiction in male and female runners and exercisers. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 77(1), 192-194.
37. 37. Pierce EF., Rohaly KA., Fritchley B. (1997). Sex differences on exercise dependence for men and women in a marathon road race. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 84(3), 991-994.
38. 38. Cook B., Hausenblas H., Rossi J. (2013). The moderating effect of gender on ideal-weight goals and exercise dependence symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2(1), 50-55.
39. 39. MacIntyre RI., Heron KE., Howard LM., Symons Downs D. (2020). Gender and black-white race differences in young adult exercise dependence prevalence and associated disordered eating. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 1-9.
40. 40. Cook B., Karr TM., Zunker C., Mitchell JE., Thompson R., Sherman R., Erickson A., Cao L., Crosby RD. (2015). The influence of exercise identity and social physique anxiety on exercise dependence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 4(3), 195-199.
41. 41. Biddle SJH., Bailey CIA. (1985). Motives for participation and attitudes toward physical activity of adult participants in fitness programs. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 61(3), 831-834.
42. 42. Ulseth AB. (2004). Social integration in modern sport: Commercial fitness centres and voluntary sports clubs. European Sport Management Quarterly. 4(2), 95-115.
43. 43. De la Vega R., Parastatidou IS., Ruíz-Barquín R., Szabo A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: The moderating role of passion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 5(2), 325-331.
44. 44. Fingerman KL., Huo M., Charles ST., Umberson DJ. (2020). Variety is the spice of late life: Social integration and daily activity. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 75(2), 377-388.
45. 45. McAuley E., Blissmer B., Marquez DX., Jerome GJ., Kramer AF., Katula J. (2000). Social relations, physical activity, and well-being in older adults. Preventive Medicine. 31(5), 608-617.
46. 46. Kiuppis F. (2018). Inclusion in sport: Disability and participation. Sport in Society. 21(1), 4-21.
47. 47. Gross EB., Medina-DeVilliers SE. (2020). Cognitive processes unfold in a social context: A review and extension of social baseline theory. Frontiers in Psychology. 11, 378.
48. 48. Le Clair JM. (2011). Global organizational change in sport and the shifting meaning of disability. Sport in Society. 14(9), 1072-1093.