Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Generation and Removal of Moxifloxacin by Electro-Fenton Process
Year 2024,
Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 539 - 546, 15.05.2024
Gökçe Didar Değermenci
,
Nejdet Değermenci
Abstract
In this study, the removal of moxifloxacin, an antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone group, from aqueous solutions was investigated using the electro-Fenton process. As the efficiency of the electro-Fenton process is highly dependent on the amount of H2O2 produced during process, the formation of H2O2 under acidic conditions was also investigated. In this context, the effects of applied current, cathode type and O2 flow rate on H2O2 production were investigated using boron-doped diamond anode. The highest H2O2 production was achieved using the boron-doped diamond anode and the graphite felt cathode. In addition, the optimum conditions for the applied current and oxygen flow rate for H2O2 production were determined to be 0.25 A and 0.1 L min−1, respectively. The effects of applied current and Fe2+ concentration in the electro-Fenton process on the removal of moxifloxacin were investigated. It was found that the moxifloxacin removal rate increased with increasing applied current. The highest H2O2 accumulation was observed at 0.25 A applied current, and moxifloxacin removal also reached 93.6% after 60 min. The moxifloxacin removal rate reached the highest value at Fe2+ concentration of 0.01 mM. This study provides promising results for the efficient treatment of moxifloxacin-containing wastewater by the electro-Fenton process without the addition of H2O2 using boron-doped diamond anode anode and graphite felt cathode.
Project Number
KÜ-BAP01/2018-97
References
- Anh HQ, Le TPQ, Le ND, Lu XX, Duong TT, Garnier J, Rochelle-Newall E, Zhang S, Oh N-H, Oeurng C, Ekkawatpanit C, Nguyen TD, Nguyen QT, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TN, Tran TL, Kunisue T, Tanoue R, Takahashi S, Minh TB, Le TL, Pham TNM, Nguyen TAH. 2021. Antibiotics in surface water of East and Southeast Asian countries: A focused review on contamination status, pollution sources, potential risks, and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ, 764: 142865.
- Arnold SM, Hickey WJ, Harris RF. 1995. Degradation of atrazine by Fenton’s reagent: Condition optimization and product quantification. Environ Sci Technol, 29: 2083-2089.
- Bensalah N, Bedoui A, Chellam S, Abdel-Wahab A. 2013. Electro-Fenton treatment of photographic processing wastewater. Clean (Weinh), 41: 635-644.
- Brillas E, Sirés I, Oturan MA. 2009. Electro-fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on fenton’s reaction chemistry. Chem Rev, 109: 6570-6631.
- Carvalho IT, Santos L. 2016. Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of the European scenario. Environ Int, 94: 736-757.
- Çobanoğlu K, Değermenci N. 2022. Comparison of reactive azo dye removal with UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82− and UV/HSO5− processes in aqueous solutions. Environ Monit Assess, 194: 302.
- De Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Athie Goulart L, Sánchez-Montes I, Da Silva RS, De Vasconcelos Lanza MR. 2023. Electrochemically enhanced iron oxide-modified carbon cathode toward improved heterogeneous electro-Fenton reaction for the degradation of norfloxacin. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 30: 118736-118753.
- Değermenci GD, Bayhan YK, Değermenci N. 2014. Investigation of treatability of industrial wastewater containing high organic matter by Fenton process. J Inst Sci Technol, 4(2): 17-22.
- Değermenci GD. 2023. Decolorization of reactive azo dye by fenton and photo-fenton processes in aqueous solution: The influence of operating conditions, kinetics study, and performance comparison. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop, 37: 197-210.
- Değermenci N, Değermenci GD, Ulu HB. 2019. Decolorization of reactive azo dye from aqueous solutions with Fenton oxidation process: effect of system parameters and kinetic study. Desalin Water Treat, 169: 363-371.
- Feng Y, Li W, An J, Zhao Q, Wang X, Liu J, He W, Li N. 2021. Graphene family for hydrogen peroxide production in electrochemical system. Sci Total Environ, 769: 144491.
- Ganzenko O, Trellu C, Oturan N, Huguenot D, Péchaud Y, Van Hullebusch ED, Oturan MA. 2020. Electro-Fenton treatment of a complex pharmaceutical mixture: Mineralization efficiency and biodegradability enhancement. Chemosphere, 253: 126659.
- Garcia-Segura S, Centellas F, Arias C, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Cabot PL, Brillas E. 2011. Comparative decolorization of monoazo, diazo and triazo dyes by electro-Fenton process. Electrochim Acta, 58: 303-311.
- GilPavas E, Arbeláez-Castaño P, Medina J, Acosta DA. 2017. Combined electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation of industrial textile wastewater treatment in a continuous multi-stage reactor. Water Sci Technol, 76: 2515-2525.
- Görmez Ö, Akay S, Gözmen B, Kayan B, Kaldersi D. 2022. Degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin based on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. Environ Res, 208: 112736.
- Guay DRP. 2006. Moxifloxacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2: 417-434.
- Guinea E, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Cabot P-L, Arias C, Centellas F, Brillas E. 2010. Degradation of the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes based on hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration. Electrochim Acta, 55: 2101-2115.
- Jia X, Huang J, Zhao X, Wu T, Wang C, He H. 2024. Levofloxacin degradation in a heterogeneous electro-Fenton system with an FeOCl/MoS2 composite catalyst. React Chem Eng, 9: 1127-1139. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3re00548h.
- Karatas O, Gengec NA, Gengec E, Khataee A, Kobya M. 2022. High-performance carbon black electrode for oxygen reduction reaction and oxidation of atrazine by electro-Fenton process. Chemosphere, 287: 132370.
- Klassen N V., Marchington D, McGowan HCE. 1994. H2O2 Determination by the I3− Method and by KMnO4 Titration. Anal Chem, 66: 2921-2925.
- Köktaş İY, Gökkuş Ö. 2022. Removal of salicylic acid by electrochemical processes using stainless steel and platinum anodes. Chemosphere, 293: 133566.
- Kovalakova P, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, Marsalek B, Feng M, Sharma VK. 2020. Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A review. Chemosphere, 251: 126351.
- Kümmerer K. 2009. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part I. Chemosphere, 75: 417-434.
- Li S, Wu Y, Zheng H, Li H, Zheng Y, Nan J, Ma J, Nagarajan D, Chang J-S. 2023. Antibiotics degradation by advanced oxidation process (AOPs): Recent advances in ecotoxicity and antibiotic-resistance genes induction of degradation products. Chemosphere, 311: 136977.
- Li W, Gao L, Shi Y, Liu J, Cai Y. 2015. Occurrence, distribution and risks of antibiotics in urban surface water in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Process Impacts, 17: 1611-1619.
- Liu Z-j, Wan J-q, Yan Z-c, Wang Y, Ma Y-w. 2022. Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by heterogeneous electro-Fenton using natural air-cathode. Chem Eng J, 433: 133767.
- Lucas MS, Peres JA. 2006. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dye Pigment, 71: 236-244.
- Midassi S, Bedoui A, Bensalah N. 2020. Efficient degradation of chloroquine drug by electro-Fenton oxidation: Effects of operating conditions and degradation mechanism. Chemosphere, 260: 127558.
- Ngigi AN, Magu MM, Muendo BM. 2020. Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya. Environ Monit Assess, 192: 18.
- Nguyen TH, Nguyen XH, Do TG, Nguyen LH. 2023. Development of biochar supported NiFe2O4 composite for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to effectively remove moxifloxacin from wastewater. Chem Eng J Adv, 16: 100550.
- Olvera-Vargas H, Gore-Datar N, Garcia-Rodriguez O, Mutnuri S, Lefebvre O. 2021. Electro-Fenton treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater paired with a BDD anode: Reaction mechanisms and respective contribution of homogenneous and heterogenous OH. Chem Eng J, 404: 126524.
- Oturan MA, Aaron JJ. 2014. Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: Principles and applications. A review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 44: 2577-2641.
- Oturan MA. 2021. Outstanding performances of the BDD film anode in electro-Fenton process: Applications and comparative performance. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci, 25: 100925.
- Oturan N, Bo J, Trellu C, Oturan MA. 2021. Comparative Performance of Ten Electrodes in Electro-Fenton Process for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. ChemElectroChem, 8: 3294-3303.
- Oturan N, Brillas E, Oturan MA. 2012. Unprecedented total mineralization of atrazine and cyanuric acid by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton with a boron-doped diamond anode. Environ Chem Lett, 10: 165-170.
- Özdemir C, Öden MK, Şahinkaya S, Kalipçi E. 2011. Color Removal from Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Sono-Fenton Process. Clean (Weinh), 39: 60-67.
- Panizza M, Cerisola G. 2009. Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev, 109: 6541-6569.
- Phoon BL, Ong CC, Mohamed Saheed MS, Show P-L, Chang J-S, Ling TC, Lam, SS, Juan JC. 2020. Conventional and emerging technologies for removal of antibiotics from wastewater. J Hazard Mater, 400: 122961.
- Qiu B, Zhou X, Li W, Hhu H, Yu L, Yuan C, Dou R, Sun M, Wang S. 2024. A magnetically induced self-assembly of Ru@Fe3O4/rGO cathode for diclofenac degradation in electro-Fenton process. Environ Res, 242: 117781.
- Ridruejo C, Centellas F, Cabot PL, Sirés I, Brillas E. 2018. Electrochemical Fenton-based treatment of tetracaine in synthetic and urban wastewater using active and non-active anodes. Water Res, 128: 71-81.
- Shoorangiz M, Nikoo MR, Salari M, Rakhshandehroo GR, Sadegh M. 2019. Optimized electro-Fenton process with sacrificial stainless steel anode for degradation/mineralization of ciprofloxacin. Process Saf Environ Prot, 132: 340-350.
- Sopaj F, Oturan N, Pinson J, Podvorica F, Oturan MA. 2016. Effect of the anode materials on the efficiency of the electro-Fenton process for the mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethazine. Appl Catal B Environ, 199: 331-341.
- Sopaj F, Oturan N, Pinson J, Podvorica FI, Oturan MA. 2020. Effect of cathode material on electro-Fenton process efficiency for electrocatalytic mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethazine. Chem Eng J, 384: 123249.
- Taoufik N, Boumya W, Achak M, Sillanpää M, Barka N. 2021. Comparative overview of advanced oxidation processes and biological approaches for the removal pharmaceuticals. J Environ Manage, 288: 112404.
- Titchou FE, Zazou H, Afanga H, Gaayda JE, Akbour RA, Hamdani M, Oturan MA. 2021. Electro-Fenton process for the removal of Direct Red 23 using BDD anode in chloride and sulfate media. J Electroanal Chem, 897: 115560.
- Tiwari B, Sellamuthu B, Ouarda Y, Drogui P, Tyagi RD, Buelna G. 2017. Review on fate and mechanism of removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater using biological approach. Bioresour Technol, 224: 1-12.
- Van Doorslaer X, Demeestere K, Heynderickx PM, Van Langenhove H, Dewulf J. 2011. UV-A and UV-C induced photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of aqueous ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin: Reaction kinetics and role of adsorption. Appl Catal B Environ, 101: 540-547.
- Van Doorslaer X, Dewulf J, De Maerschalk J, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere D. 2015. Heterogeneous photocatalysis of moxifloxacin in hospital effluent: Effect of selected matrix constituents. Chem Eng J, 261: 9-16.
- Wang Y, Chen J, Gao J, Meng H, Chai S, Jian Y, Shi L, Wang Y, He C. 2021. Selective electrochemical H2O2 generation on the graphene aerogel for efficient electro-Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin. Sep Purif Technol, 272: 118884.
- Xia Y, Shang H, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Hu X. 2019. Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide using phosphorus-doped carbon nanotubes gas diffusion electrodes and its application in electro-Fenton. J Electroanal Chem, 840: 400-408.
- Yang W, Oturan N, Liang J, Oturan MA. 2023. Synergistic mineralization of ofloxacin in electro-Fenton process with BDD anode: Reactivity and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol, 319: 124039.
- Yang W, Oturan N, Raffy S, Zhou M, Oturan MA. 2020. Electrocatalytic generation of homogeneous and heterogeneous hydroxyl radicals for cold mineralization of anti-cancer drug Imatinib. Chem Eng J, 383: 123155.
- Zhao K, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhao H. 2018. Enhanced electro-Fenton performance by fluorine-doped porous carbon for removal of organic pollutants in wastewater. Chem Eng J, 354: 606-615.
- Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang C, Bi Z, Jin T, Zhou M. 2013. Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode. Sep Purif Technol, 111: 131-136.
- Zhou M, Yu Q, Lei L, Barton G. 2007. Electro-Fenton method for the removal of methyl red in an efficient electrochemical system. Sep Purif Technol, 57: 380-387.
- Zhou W, Rajic L, Meng X, Nazari R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Qin Y, Alshawabkeh AN. 2019. Efficient H2O2 electrogeneration at graphite felt modified via electrode polarity reversal: Utilization for organic pollutants degradation. Chem Eng J, 364: 428-439.
- Zwane BN, Orimolade BO, Koiki BA, Mabuba N, Gomri C, Petit E, Bonniol V, Lesage G, Rivallin M, Cretin M, Arotiba OA. 2021. Combined electro-fenton and anodic oxidation processes at a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide (Ti4O7) ceramic electrode for the degradation of tetracycline in water. Water (Basel), 13: 2772.
Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Generation and Removal of Moxifloxacin by Electro-Fenton Process
Year 2024,
Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 539 - 546, 15.05.2024
Gökçe Didar Değermenci
,
Nejdet Değermenci
Abstract
In this study, the removal of moxifloxacin, an antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone group, from aqueous solutions was investigated using the electro-Fenton process. As the efficiency of the electro-Fenton process is highly dependent on the amount of H2O2 produced during process, the formation of H2O2 under acidic conditions was also investigated. In this context, the effects of applied current, cathode type and O2 flow rate on H2O2 production were investigated using boron-doped diamond anode. The highest H2O2 production was achieved using the boron-doped diamond anode and the graphite felt cathode. In addition, the optimum conditions for the applied current and oxygen flow rate for H2O2 production were determined to be 0.25 A and 0.1 L min−1, respectively. The effects of applied current and Fe2+ concentration in the electro-Fenton process on the removal of moxifloxacin were investigated. It was found that the moxifloxacin removal rate increased with increasing applied current. The highest H2O2 accumulation was observed at 0.25 A applied current, and moxifloxacin removal also reached 93.6% after 60 min. The moxifloxacin removal rate reached the highest value at Fe2+ concentration of 0.01 mM. This study provides promising results for the efficient treatment of moxifloxacin-containing wastewater by the electro-Fenton process without the addition of H2O2 using boron-doped diamond anode anode and graphite felt cathode.
Ethical Statement
Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.
Supporting Institution
Kastamonu University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department
Project Number
KÜ-BAP01/2018-97
References
- Anh HQ, Le TPQ, Le ND, Lu XX, Duong TT, Garnier J, Rochelle-Newall E, Zhang S, Oh N-H, Oeurng C, Ekkawatpanit C, Nguyen TD, Nguyen QT, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TN, Tran TL, Kunisue T, Tanoue R, Takahashi S, Minh TB, Le TL, Pham TNM, Nguyen TAH. 2021. Antibiotics in surface water of East and Southeast Asian countries: A focused review on contamination status, pollution sources, potential risks, and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ, 764: 142865.
- Arnold SM, Hickey WJ, Harris RF. 1995. Degradation of atrazine by Fenton’s reagent: Condition optimization and product quantification. Environ Sci Technol, 29: 2083-2089.
- Bensalah N, Bedoui A, Chellam S, Abdel-Wahab A. 2013. Electro-Fenton treatment of photographic processing wastewater. Clean (Weinh), 41: 635-644.
- Brillas E, Sirés I, Oturan MA. 2009. Electro-fenton process and related electrochemical technologies based on fenton’s reaction chemistry. Chem Rev, 109: 6570-6631.
- Carvalho IT, Santos L. 2016. Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of the European scenario. Environ Int, 94: 736-757.
- Çobanoğlu K, Değermenci N. 2022. Comparison of reactive azo dye removal with UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82− and UV/HSO5− processes in aqueous solutions. Environ Monit Assess, 194: 302.
- De Oliveira Santiago Santos G, Athie Goulart L, Sánchez-Montes I, Da Silva RS, De Vasconcelos Lanza MR. 2023. Electrochemically enhanced iron oxide-modified carbon cathode toward improved heterogeneous electro-Fenton reaction for the degradation of norfloxacin. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 30: 118736-118753.
- Değermenci GD, Bayhan YK, Değermenci N. 2014. Investigation of treatability of industrial wastewater containing high organic matter by Fenton process. J Inst Sci Technol, 4(2): 17-22.
- Değermenci GD. 2023. Decolorization of reactive azo dye by fenton and photo-fenton processes in aqueous solution: The influence of operating conditions, kinetics study, and performance comparison. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop, 37: 197-210.
- Değermenci N, Değermenci GD, Ulu HB. 2019. Decolorization of reactive azo dye from aqueous solutions with Fenton oxidation process: effect of system parameters and kinetic study. Desalin Water Treat, 169: 363-371.
- Feng Y, Li W, An J, Zhao Q, Wang X, Liu J, He W, Li N. 2021. Graphene family for hydrogen peroxide production in electrochemical system. Sci Total Environ, 769: 144491.
- Ganzenko O, Trellu C, Oturan N, Huguenot D, Péchaud Y, Van Hullebusch ED, Oturan MA. 2020. Electro-Fenton treatment of a complex pharmaceutical mixture: Mineralization efficiency and biodegradability enhancement. Chemosphere, 253: 126659.
- Garcia-Segura S, Centellas F, Arias C, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Cabot PL, Brillas E. 2011. Comparative decolorization of monoazo, diazo and triazo dyes by electro-Fenton process. Electrochim Acta, 58: 303-311.
- GilPavas E, Arbeláez-Castaño P, Medina J, Acosta DA. 2017. Combined electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation of industrial textile wastewater treatment in a continuous multi-stage reactor. Water Sci Technol, 76: 2515-2525.
- Görmez Ö, Akay S, Gözmen B, Kayan B, Kaldersi D. 2022. Degradation of emerging contaminant coumarin based on anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and subcritical water oxidation processes. Environ Res, 208: 112736.
- Guay DRP. 2006. Moxifloxacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2: 417-434.
- Guinea E, Garrido JA, Rodríguez RM, Cabot P-L, Arias C, Centellas F, Brillas E. 2010. Degradation of the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes based on hydrogen peroxide electrogeneration. Electrochim Acta, 55: 2101-2115.
- Jia X, Huang J, Zhao X, Wu T, Wang C, He H. 2024. Levofloxacin degradation in a heterogeneous electro-Fenton system with an FeOCl/MoS2 composite catalyst. React Chem Eng, 9: 1127-1139. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3re00548h.
- Karatas O, Gengec NA, Gengec E, Khataee A, Kobya M. 2022. High-performance carbon black electrode for oxygen reduction reaction and oxidation of atrazine by electro-Fenton process. Chemosphere, 287: 132370.
- Klassen N V., Marchington D, McGowan HCE. 1994. H2O2 Determination by the I3− Method and by KMnO4 Titration. Anal Chem, 66: 2921-2925.
- Köktaş İY, Gökkuş Ö. 2022. Removal of salicylic acid by electrochemical processes using stainless steel and platinum anodes. Chemosphere, 293: 133566.
- Kovalakova P, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, Marsalek B, Feng M, Sharma VK. 2020. Occurrence and toxicity of antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A review. Chemosphere, 251: 126351.
- Kümmerer K. 2009. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part I. Chemosphere, 75: 417-434.
- Li S, Wu Y, Zheng H, Li H, Zheng Y, Nan J, Ma J, Nagarajan D, Chang J-S. 2023. Antibiotics degradation by advanced oxidation process (AOPs): Recent advances in ecotoxicity and antibiotic-resistance genes induction of degradation products. Chemosphere, 311: 136977.
- Li W, Gao L, Shi Y, Liu J, Cai Y. 2015. Occurrence, distribution and risks of antibiotics in urban surface water in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Process Impacts, 17: 1611-1619.
- Liu Z-j, Wan J-q, Yan Z-c, Wang Y, Ma Y-w. 2022. Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by heterogeneous electro-Fenton using natural air-cathode. Chem Eng J, 433: 133767.
- Lucas MS, Peres JA. 2006. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dye Pigment, 71: 236-244.
- Midassi S, Bedoui A, Bensalah N. 2020. Efficient degradation of chloroquine drug by electro-Fenton oxidation: Effects of operating conditions and degradation mechanism. Chemosphere, 260: 127558.
- Ngigi AN, Magu MM, Muendo BM. 2020. Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya. Environ Monit Assess, 192: 18.
- Nguyen TH, Nguyen XH, Do TG, Nguyen LH. 2023. Development of biochar supported NiFe2O4 composite for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation to effectively remove moxifloxacin from wastewater. Chem Eng J Adv, 16: 100550.
- Olvera-Vargas H, Gore-Datar N, Garcia-Rodriguez O, Mutnuri S, Lefebvre O. 2021. Electro-Fenton treatment of real pharmaceutical wastewater paired with a BDD anode: Reaction mechanisms and respective contribution of homogenneous and heterogenous OH. Chem Eng J, 404: 126524.
- Oturan MA, Aaron JJ. 2014. Advanced oxidation processes in water/wastewater treatment: Principles and applications. A review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 44: 2577-2641.
- Oturan MA. 2021. Outstanding performances of the BDD film anode in electro-Fenton process: Applications and comparative performance. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci, 25: 100925.
- Oturan N, Bo J, Trellu C, Oturan MA. 2021. Comparative Performance of Ten Electrodes in Electro-Fenton Process for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. ChemElectroChem, 8: 3294-3303.
- Oturan N, Brillas E, Oturan MA. 2012. Unprecedented total mineralization of atrazine and cyanuric acid by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton with a boron-doped diamond anode. Environ Chem Lett, 10: 165-170.
- Özdemir C, Öden MK, Şahinkaya S, Kalipçi E. 2011. Color Removal from Synthetic Textile Wastewater by Sono-Fenton Process. Clean (Weinh), 39: 60-67.
- Panizza M, Cerisola G. 2009. Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants. Chem Rev, 109: 6541-6569.
- Phoon BL, Ong CC, Mohamed Saheed MS, Show P-L, Chang J-S, Ling TC, Lam, SS, Juan JC. 2020. Conventional and emerging technologies for removal of antibiotics from wastewater. J Hazard Mater, 400: 122961.
- Qiu B, Zhou X, Li W, Hhu H, Yu L, Yuan C, Dou R, Sun M, Wang S. 2024. A magnetically induced self-assembly of Ru@Fe3O4/rGO cathode for diclofenac degradation in electro-Fenton process. Environ Res, 242: 117781.
- Ridruejo C, Centellas F, Cabot PL, Sirés I, Brillas E. 2018. Electrochemical Fenton-based treatment of tetracaine in synthetic and urban wastewater using active and non-active anodes. Water Res, 128: 71-81.
- Shoorangiz M, Nikoo MR, Salari M, Rakhshandehroo GR, Sadegh M. 2019. Optimized electro-Fenton process with sacrificial stainless steel anode for degradation/mineralization of ciprofloxacin. Process Saf Environ Prot, 132: 340-350.
- Sopaj F, Oturan N, Pinson J, Podvorica F, Oturan MA. 2016. Effect of the anode materials on the efficiency of the electro-Fenton process for the mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethazine. Appl Catal B Environ, 199: 331-341.
- Sopaj F, Oturan N, Pinson J, Podvorica FI, Oturan MA. 2020. Effect of cathode material on electro-Fenton process efficiency for electrocatalytic mineralization of the antibiotic sulfamethazine. Chem Eng J, 384: 123249.
- Taoufik N, Boumya W, Achak M, Sillanpää M, Barka N. 2021. Comparative overview of advanced oxidation processes and biological approaches for the removal pharmaceuticals. J Environ Manage, 288: 112404.
- Titchou FE, Zazou H, Afanga H, Gaayda JE, Akbour RA, Hamdani M, Oturan MA. 2021. Electro-Fenton process for the removal of Direct Red 23 using BDD anode in chloride and sulfate media. J Electroanal Chem, 897: 115560.
- Tiwari B, Sellamuthu B, Ouarda Y, Drogui P, Tyagi RD, Buelna G. 2017. Review on fate and mechanism of removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater using biological approach. Bioresour Technol, 224: 1-12.
- Van Doorslaer X, Demeestere K, Heynderickx PM, Van Langenhove H, Dewulf J. 2011. UV-A and UV-C induced photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of aqueous ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin: Reaction kinetics and role of adsorption. Appl Catal B Environ, 101: 540-547.
- Van Doorslaer X, Dewulf J, De Maerschalk J, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere D. 2015. Heterogeneous photocatalysis of moxifloxacin in hospital effluent: Effect of selected matrix constituents. Chem Eng J, 261: 9-16.
- Wang Y, Chen J, Gao J, Meng H, Chai S, Jian Y, Shi L, Wang Y, He C. 2021. Selective electrochemical H2O2 generation on the graphene aerogel for efficient electro-Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin. Sep Purif Technol, 272: 118884.
- Xia Y, Shang H, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Hu X. 2019. Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide using phosphorus-doped carbon nanotubes gas diffusion electrodes and its application in electro-Fenton. J Electroanal Chem, 840: 400-408.
- Yang W, Oturan N, Liang J, Oturan MA. 2023. Synergistic mineralization of ofloxacin in electro-Fenton process with BDD anode: Reactivity and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol, 319: 124039.
- Yang W, Oturan N, Raffy S, Zhou M, Oturan MA. 2020. Electrocatalytic generation of homogeneous and heterogeneous hydroxyl radicals for cold mineralization of anti-cancer drug Imatinib. Chem Eng J, 383: 123155.
- Zhao K, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhao H. 2018. Enhanced electro-Fenton performance by fluorine-doped porous carbon for removal of organic pollutants in wastewater. Chem Eng J, 354: 606-615.
- Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang C, Bi Z, Jin T, Zhou M. 2013. Electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide for electro-Fenton system by oxygen reduction using chemically modified graphite felt cathode. Sep Purif Technol, 111: 131-136.
- Zhou M, Yu Q, Lei L, Barton G. 2007. Electro-Fenton method for the removal of methyl red in an efficient electrochemical system. Sep Purif Technol, 57: 380-387.
- Zhou W, Rajic L, Meng X, Nazari R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Qin Y, Alshawabkeh AN. 2019. Efficient H2O2 electrogeneration at graphite felt modified via electrode polarity reversal: Utilization for organic pollutants degradation. Chem Eng J, 364: 428-439.
- Zwane BN, Orimolade BO, Koiki BA, Mabuba N, Gomri C, Petit E, Bonniol V, Lesage G, Rivallin M, Cretin M, Arotiba OA. 2021. Combined electro-fenton and anodic oxidation processes at a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide (Ti4O7) ceramic electrode for the degradation of tetracycline in water. Water (Basel), 13: 2772.