Investigation of the Impact of Different Material Types on Quadcopter Ascension Performance

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 383 - 394, 30.11.2023

Serkan Kılıçtek , İhsan Şahin , Dilşad Akgümüş Gök , Serkan Gök

https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1245828

Abstract

This study investigates the impacts of various materials depending on the quadcopter’s determined flight altitude reference. On Solidworks, three different material groups are assigned to the body of the quadcopter design created for this study, these are polystyrene, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite, and 7075 aluminum alloy. Regardless of the body material, polystyrene material is used in the arms carrying the wings and engines. Mass calculations are made in the quadcopter according to the determined materials. In line with the calculations, a fuzzy logic-based PD controller is used for quadcopter altitude control. The input-output gains of the fuzzy logic-based PD are adjusted manually according to the reference height values and tests are carried out in the Matlab-Simulink environment. Four different values are determined for the test reference heights; these are 1 m, 1.5 m, 2.5 m, and 5 m, respectively. The test results show that the model with the polystyrene material in the body part is more successful than the other materials for the specified reference values.

Keywords

Quadcopter, Fuzzy Logic, Matlab, Kompozit, 7075 Alüminyum

Project Number

-

Farklı Malzemelerin Quadcopterde Yükseklik Performansına Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada quadcopter yüksekliğine çeşitli malzemelerin etkileri incelenmiştir. Yapılan quadcopter tasarımının gövdesi üzerine polisten, kabon elyaf takviyeli epoksi kompozit ve alüminyum 7075 alaşımı SolidWorks ortamında eklenmiştir. Kanatları ve motorları taşıyan kollar da ise gövde malzemesinden bağımsız olarak polistren kullanılmıştır. Eklenen malzemelere göre quadcopterde kütle hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. Bu hesaplamalar ışığında quadcopter yükseklik kontrolü için bulanık mantık tabanlı PD kontrolör kullanılmıştır. Bulanık mantık tabanlı PD’nin giriş-çıkış kazançları referans yükseklik değerlerine göre elle ayarlanıp Matlab-Simulink ortamında deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneylerde referans yükseklikleri sırasıyla 1 m,1-0.5 m 2.5 m ve 5 m olmak üzere dört farklı değer kullanılmıştır. Yapılan deney sonuçları göstermiştir ki, gövdesinde polistren malzeme kullanılan dron modeli kullanılan referans değerlerinde diğer malzemelere göre başarılı sonuçlar vermiştir.

Keywords

Quadcopter, Fuzzy Logic, Matlab, Kompozit, 7075 Alüminyum

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

• Chen S., Wu F., Shen L., Chen J & Ramchurn S D. (2016). Decentralized patrolling under constraints in dynamic environments. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 46(12), 3364–3376.
• Gadda J. S. & Rajaram D. P. (2013). Quadcopter (UAVS) for border security with gui system. International Journal of Engineering Researchand Technology, 2(12), 620-624.
• Zhao S. (2015). A robust real-time vision system for autonomous cargotransfer by an unmanned helicopter. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 62(2), 1210–1219.
• Murthy, M. D. P. (2015). Design of a Quadcopter for search and rescue operation in natural calamities. PhD Thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.
• Tayebi A. & McGilvray S. (2004). Attitude stabilization of a four-rotor aerial robot. 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 14-17 December, Nassau, Bahamas, 2, 1216–1221.
• Candan F., Beke A. & Kumbasar T. (2018). Design and deployment of fuzzy PID controllers to the nano quadcopter Crazyflie 2.0. Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), 1-6.
• Menfoukh K, Touba M M, Khenfri F & Guettal L. (2020). Optimized convolutional neural network architecture for UAV navigation within unstructured trail. 1st International Conference on Communications, Control Systems and Signal Processing (CCSSP). 16-17 May 2020, El Oued, Algeria, 211-214.
• Bouabdallah S., Noth A. & Siegwart R. (2004). PID vs LQ control techniques applied to an indoor micro quadrotor. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 3, 2451-2456.
• Alexis K., Nikolakopoulos G. & Tzes A. (2012). Model predictive quadrotor control: attitude, altitude and position experimental studies. IET ControlTheory and Applications, 6(12), 1812–1827.
• Santoso F., Liu M. & Egan G. (2008). H2 and H∞ robust autopilot synthesis for longitudinal flight of a special unmanned aerial vehicle: a comparative study. IET Control Theory and Applications, 2(11), 583–594.
• Zadeh L. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and control, 8(3), 338– 353.
• Şahin I. & Kumbasar T. (2020). Catch me if you can: a pursuit-evasion game with intelligent agents in the unity 3d game environment. International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). 25-27 September, Istanbul, 1-6.
• Ovur S. E., Candan F., Beke A. & Kumbasar T. (2018). YAFT: A fuzzy logic based real time two-wheeled ınverted pendulum robot. 6th International Conference on Control Engineering and Information Technology (CEIT). 25-27 October, Istanbul, 1-6.
• Armagan E. & Kumbasar T. (2017). A fuzzy logic based autonomous vehicle control system design in the TORCS environment. 10th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO). 30 November-2 December, Bursa, 737-741.
• Yılmaz A., Ayan K. & Adak E. (2011). Risk analysis in cancer disease by using fuzzy logic. Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. 18-20 November, El Paso, TX, 1-5.
• Mondal S. & Pratihar D. K. (2016). Fuzzy logic-based group formation control of multiple wheeled robots. International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications (MicroCom), 23-25 January, Durgapur, 1-7.
• Biyouki S. A., Turksen I. B. & Zarandi M. H. F. (2015). Fuzzy rule-based expert system for diagnosis of thyroid disease. IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (CIBCB), 1-7 August, Canada, 1-7.
• Sudhin A. U., Remanan M., Ajeesh G. & Jayanarayanan, K. (2020). Comparison of properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting composites for aerospace applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 24, 453-462.
• Burkov M. V. & Eremin A. V. (2021). Mechanical properties of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites modified by carbon micro‐and nanofillers. Polymer Composites, 42(9), 4265–4276.
• Kılıçtek S. (2020). Farklı tabakalarda nanoalümina katkılı karbon-kevlar hibrit kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerinin ve darbe tokluğunun araştırılması. Master's Thesis, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul.
• Abd El-Hameed A. M. & Abdel-Aziz Y. A. (2021). Aluminium alloys in space applications: a short report. Journal of advanced research in applied sciences and engineering technology, 22(1), 1-7.
• Österreicher J. A., Kirov G., Gerstl S. S., Mukeli E., Grabner F. & Kumar M. (2018). Stabilization of 7xxx aluminium alloys, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 740, 167-173.
• Ahmad F., Kumar P. & Bhandari A. (2019). Finite element analysis based material optimization of a quadcopter body frame. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 8, 1342-1347.
• Kausar A., Rafique I. & Muhammad B. (2017). Aerospace application of polymer nanocomposite with carbon nanotube, graphite, graphene oxide, and nanocla. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 56(13), 1438-1456.
• Xu B., Fu Y. Q., Ahmad M., Luo J. K., Huang W. M., Kraft A., & De Hosson J. T. M. (2010). Thermo-mechanical properties of polystyrene-based shape memory nanocomposites. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(17), 3442-3448.
• Şahin I. (2020). Unity 3d oyun ortamında akıllı ajanlar ile kaçma-kovalama oyun tasarımı. Master's Thesis, Istanbul Teknik University, Istanbul.
• Ho B. T., Roberts T. K. & Lucas S. (2018). An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 38(2), 308-320.
• Plastics-the Facts, An analysis of european plastics production, demand and waste data [Internet], (2016). Available from: https://issuu.com/plasticseuropeebook/ docs/plastics_the_facts_2016_final_version
• Callister W. D., Rethwisch D. G., Blicblau A., Bruggeman K., Cortie M., Long J. ... & Orwa J. (2021). Materials science and engineering: an introduction. Wiley Publisher, ABD, 992.
• Kısmet Y. and Doğan A. (2020). The change of mechanical properties of acorn powder reinforced polystrene and polyoxymethylene due to gamma radiation. Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Engineering, Journal of Scince and Engineering, 22(65), 619-624.
• Yang Y., Yang J., Wu W. M., Zhao J., Song Y., Gao L. ... & Jiang L. (2015). Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic-eating mealworms: Part 2. Role of gut microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(20), 12087-12093.
• Kurt A., Yavuz R. & Bozdağ G., (2013). Polistiren-kil nanokompozitlerin sentezi, termal ve optik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Adıyaman University Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2), 58-70.
• Mičušík M., Omastová M., Nógellová Z., Fedorko P., Olejníková K., Trchová M. & Chodák I. (2006). Effect of crosslinking on the properties of composites based on LDPE and conducting organic filler. European Polymer Journal, 42(10), 2379-2388.
• Kaplan D.L., Roy H and Jim S. (1979). Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly (metnyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde, Appl Environ Microbiol, 38, 551–553.
• Hossain M. M., Khan M. A., Khan R. A., Siddiquee M. A. B. & Islam, T. (2015). Carbon/kevlar reinforced hybrid composite: impact of matrix variation. 3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy, 26-29 November, CUET, Chittagong.
• Beşergil B. (2016). Kompozitler temel ilkeler. Gazi Publisher, Ankara. 520-609.
• Dobrzański L. A. (2002). Fundamentals of materials science and physical metallurgy. Engineering Materials with Fundamentals of Materials Design, WNT Publishing House, Warszawa, 1500.
• Elahi A. F., Hossain M. M., Afrin S. & Khan, M. A. (2014). Study on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites. International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering. 26-27 December, Khulna, Bangladesh, 1-5.
• Demirel A. (2007). Karbon elyaf takviyeli epoksi kompozit malzemelerin karakterizasyonu. Master's Thesis, Gazi University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara.
• Tajally M. and Emadoddin E. (2011). Mechanical and anisotropic behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy sheets. Materials and Design, 32(3), 1594-1599.
• Abolhasani A., Zarei-Hanzaki A., Abedi H. R. and Rokni M. R., (2012). The room temperature mechanical properties of hot rolled 7075 aluminum alloy. Materials and Design, 34, 631-636.
• Immarigeon J. P., Holt R. T., Koul A. K., Zhao L., Wallace W. & Beddoes, J. C. (1995). Lightweight materials for aircraft applications. Materials Characterization, 35(1), 41-67.
• Panigrahi S. K. & Jayaganthan, R. (2011). Development of ultrafine grained high strength age hardenable Al 7075 alloy by cryorolling. Materials and Design, 32(6), 3150-3160.
• Demir M., Tekin O. & Demir A. (2020). T6 yaşlandırma ısıl işlemi uygulanan ekstrude AA 7075 alüminyum alaşımlarının mekanik davranışları. Academic Perspective Procedia, 3(1), 763-771.
• Imran M. & Khan A. A. (2019). Characterization of Al-7075 metal matrix composites: a review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(3), 3347-3356.