Problematic Issues of Autonomous Weapon Systems In terms of International Law of Weaponry and Politics

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 280 - 292, 30.06.2019

Bülent Yazıcı

https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.557220

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The development of war technology has gained
tremendous momentum with the information age. New military technological
developments such as Nano robots and
Autonomous Weapons Systems have caused new debate and concerns in terms of
International Conflict and Weaponry Law. In this respect, many examples of Autonomous
Weapon Systems (AWS), the joint product of information, sensors and aviation
technologies, have been used by many armies. Conflict and weaponry law experts are
raising the alarm that the development and deployment of the Autonomous Weapon
Systems in the theater of conflict will
create new problems in terms of International Weaponry Law and International
Relations. In this study, the description of AWS is made; the possible use of
lethal AWS is evaluated in terms of International Weaponry Law and assessed
with regard to International Politics. Finally, this study is prepared in order
to describe these potentially problematic issues and establish solutions in the
context of existing offensive Autonomous Weapon Systems.

Keywords

International Law of Weapons, Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems, Proportionality, Distinction, Weapo

Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin Uluslararası Silah Hukuku Ve Politiği Açısından Sorunsal Meseleleri

Abstract

Harp teknolojisinin
gelişimi bilgi çağı ile müthiş bir ivme kazanmıştır. Nano-robot ve otonom silah
sistemleri gibi yeni askeri teknolojiler uluslararası çatışma ve silah hukuku
açısından yeni tartışma ve endişelere sebep olmaktadır. Bilgi, sensör ve havacılık
teknolojilerinin müşterek ürünü olan Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin  (OSS) örneklerini birçok ordu tarafından
kullanılmaya başlandığını gözlemlemekteyiz. Bu kertede çatışma ve silah hukuku
uzmanları tarafından Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin kullanımı ve geliştirilmesinin
Uluslararası Silah ve Politiği açısından yeni sorunsallar yaratacağı
değerlendirilmektedir. Bu makale de öncelikle OSS’lerin tanımı yapılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Sonrasında OSS’lerin potansiyel kullanımının Uluslararası Silah
Hukuku ve Politiği açısından değerlendirilmiş ve somut örnekler verilerek
analiz edilmiştir.  Son olarak, Bu
araştırma makalesi mevcut Ölümcül Otonom Silah Sistemlerinden örnekler de
verilerek muhtemel sorunsalları ortaya koymak ve kullanımlarına yönelik çözüm
yollarına ışık tutmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Keywords

Uluslararası Silah Hukuku, Ölümcül Otonom Silah Sistemleri, Orantılılık, Ayrımcılık, Silah

References

• Ackerman, Spencer. "Fewer deaths from drone strikes in 2013 after Obama policy change." The Guardian. December 31, 2013.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-policy-change.
• Akerson, David.“The Illegality of Offensive Lethal Autonomy”, International Humanitarian Law and the Changing Technology of War”, (Ed. Dan Saxon), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, 2013.
• Anderson, Kenneth, and Matthew C. Waxman, “Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can”, Stanford University, The Hoover Institution, 10 April 2013.
• Anderson, Kenneth, Daniel Reisner, and Matthew Waxman, “Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Autonomous Weapon Systems”, International Law Studies Series, US Naval War College, Vol. 90, 2014.
• Beard, Jack M. “Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities”, Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, no.3, 2014.
• Cass, Kelly. “Autonomous Weapons and Accountability: Seeking Solutions in the Law of War null”, Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 48, no. 3, 2015.
• Dinstein, Yoram. The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
• Expert Meeting, Autonomous Weapon Systems Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects, ICRC, 01 November 2014.
• Gökhan GÜNEYSU, “Otonom Silah Sistemleri ve İnsancıl Hukuk”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Vol. 108, 2013.
• Greenwood, Christopher. Current Issues in the Law of Armed Conflict: Weapons, Targets, and International Criminal Liability, Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law, No. 1, 1997.
• Hauptman, Allyson, "Autonomous Weapons and Law of Armed Conflict." Military Law Review, Vol. 218, Winter 2013.
• Hippler, Thomas, “Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air Power Strategy 1884-1939”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
• Jean-Marie Henckaerts, Louise Doswald-Beck, and Carolin Alvermann. General Principles on the Use of Weapons, Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. I, Chapter 20, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
• Johnson, Aaron M., and Sidney Axinn. "The Morality Of Autonomous Robots." Journal of Military Ethics, Vol. 12, no. 2, 2013.
• Judgment, Milan Martic Case (IT-95-11-A ICTY), Appeals Chamber, 8 October 2008.Kirkpatrick, Keith. “Can We Trust Autonomous Weapons?”, Communications of ACM, Vol. 59, no. 12, December 2016.
• Lieber, Keir A., and Daryl G. Press. "The New Era of Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Conflict", Strategic Studies Quarterly, no. 1 (2013): 3-14.
• Leys, Nathan. "Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Crises", Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, no. 1 (2018): 48-73.
• O'Connell, Mary Ellen. "New International Legal Process", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, no. 2 (1999): 334-51. doi:10.2307/2997993.
• Rossinow, Doug. "1983: The World at the Brink. In the Reagan Era: A History of the 1980s”, 101-18. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/ross16988.10.
• Roff, Heather M. "Lethal Autonomous Weapons and Jus Ad Bellum Proportionality." Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol.47, no. 1, 2015.
• Scharre, Paul.“Autonomous Weapons and Operational Risk”, Center for a New Security, Washington D.C. 2016, World Affairs Online WAO.
• Schmitt, Michael N. “Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A Reply to the Critics”, Harvard Law School National Security Journal Features, February 2013.
• Solis, Gary. D. The law of armed conflict: international humanitarian law in war. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Thunder, Jeffrey S. “The Law that Applies to Autonomous Weapon Systems”, The American Society of International Law, Vol. 17, no. 4, 2013.
• Thunder, Jeffrey S. “Examining Autonomous Weapon Systems from a Law of Armed Conflict Perspective”, New Technologies and the Law of Armed Conflicts, (Ed. Hitoshi Nasu, Robert McLaughlin), Asser Press, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2014.
• UNOG - The United Nations Office at Geneva."2017 Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS)”.https://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/F027DAA4966EB9C7C12580CD0039D7B5?OpenDocument
• United Nations Treaty Collection, Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Article 35 (2), https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201125/volume-1125-i-17512-english.pdf
• Wagner, Markus, Taking Humans Out of the Loop: Implications for International Humanitarian Law (2011). Journal of Law Information and Science, Vol. 21, 2011; University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-21.
• Watson, Ewan. "Autonomous weapons: What role for humans?" ICRC, 12 May 2014. https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2014/05-12-autonomous-weapons-ihl.htm.