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Exploring the Effects of Macroeconomic and Social Indicators on Happiness: A Panel Quantile Regression Approach

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 62 - 78, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1453287

Abstract

Happiness plays a critical role in determining public policies and increasing the welfare of society. Therefore, studies on measuring happiness and identifying the factors affecting happiness are very important to guide policy makers. This study aims to identify the main determinants of happiness using annual data of 27 European countries for the period 2005-2022 and to demonstrate the validity of the model appropriate for the collected data. The indicators used in the study, which are likely to be explanatory of happiness levels, were selected in accordance with the theoretical literature and included in the models used. These indicators are macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, inflation, income inequality, government expenditures, and economic growth, in addition to those presented in the World Happiness Report (GDP, healthy life expectancy, social support, freedom of choice, generosity, perception of corruption, positive impact, negative impact). Depending on the structure and availability of the compiled data set, the main indicators affecting the happiness levels of countries were investigated with classical panel data models and panel quantile regression models. When all constructed models are compared, it is observed that the panel quantile regression model is more effective in determining the factors affecting happiness. One of the important findings of the study is that corruption perception, positive impact and growth variables, which are insignificant in classical panel data models, are significant at different quantile points. While inflation and income inequality variables are statistically insignificant at 75% and 50% quantile points, respectively, they are significant at other quantiles. These results show that panel quantile regression evaluates the determinants of happiness in a more detailed way in countries with different levels of happiness and aims to make an important contribution to the literature in terms of guiding policy decisions correctly.

References

  • Abdur Rahman, A., & Veenhoven, R. (2018). Freedom and happiness in nations: A research synthesis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(2), 435-456.
  • Akgün, A. İ., Türkoğlu, S. P., & Erikli, S. (2022). Investigating The Determinants of Happiness Index In EU-27 Countries: A Quantile Regression Approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.
  • Aksoy, T. (2020). Mutluluk ve Kurumsal Gelişme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (56), 19-36.
  • Albayrak, G. (2022). Mutluluk Ekonomisi ve Türkiye. Turkish Business Journal, 3(5), 57-75.
  • Alkan, F., & Çilesiz, N. (2022). Mutluluk Ekonomisinin G7 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Açısından Değerlendirilmesi.
  • Allen, S. (2018). The science of generosity. A white paper prepared for the John Templeton Foundation by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley.
  • Araki, S. (2023). The Societal Determinants of Happiness and Unhappiness: Evidence From 152 Countries Over 15 Years. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 19485506231197803.
  • Aydınbaş, G., & Erdinç, Z. (2022). Toplum 5.0 Bağlamında Mutluluk ile İlişkilendirilen Faktörlerin Panel Veri Kanıtları. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2081-2104.
  • Balcıoğlu, Y. S., & Gözel, A. (2019) Dünya Mutluluk Raporu Analiz Sonuçlarının Yapay Sinir Ağları Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Analizi.
  • Banerjee, A., Chakraborty, S., & Biswas, A. (2022). Statistical Issues in Modelling Happiness Level of Immigrants: An Investigation with World Happiness Report, 2018. Thailand Statistician, 20(1), 195-206.
  • Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2011). Happy for how long? How social capital and GDP relate to happiness over time.
  • Baum, C. F. (2013). Quantile regression. URL http://fmwww. bc. edu/EC-C S, 2013.
  • Bhowmick, K., & Ranjit, C. (2020). Mapping the Statistical Significance of Factors Contributing to the World Happiness Report.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D. N., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014). The happiness trade‐off between unemployment and inflation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(S2), 117-141.
  • Brandy, S. (2024). Mapping Global Joy: Descriptive Analytics of Subjective Well-Being from the World Happiness Report. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Applications, 2(1), 32-46.
  • Buhai, S. (2005). Quantile regression: overview and selected applications. Ad Astra, 4(4), 1-17.
  • Carlsen, L. (2018). Happiness as a sustainability factor. The world happiness index: a posetic-based data analysis. Sustainability science, 13(2), 549-571.
  • Chan, Y. K., & Lee, R. P. (2006). Network size, social support and happiness in later life: A comparative study of Beijing and Hong Kong. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 87-112.
  • Dao, T. K. (2017). Government expenditure and happiness: direct and indirect effects. Master of Arts thesis in Development Studies, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.
  • Davino, C., Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2014). Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Diener, E., Kesebir, P., & Tov, W. (2009). Happiness.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances In Subjective Well-Being Research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253-260.
  • Doğanay, M. A., & Değer, M. K. (2020). Kurumlar ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel veri analizi (2002-2018). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(19), 75-99.
  • Duran, A., Çelik, K., Adem, K. & Dümen, S. (2023). Yapay Zekâ Algoritmaları ile Dünya Mutluluğunu Tahminleme. In International Conference on Pioneer and Innovative Studies,1, 386-394.
  • Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. In Nations and Households in Economic Growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Hatime, K. (2023). Veenhoven vs. Easterlin in Happiness Economics: Does Economic Growth Increase Happiness?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 10(2), 691-720.
  • Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., Neve, J. D., Aknin, L. B. & Wang, S. (2023). World happiness report, 2023.
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1-22.
  • Khder, M. A., Sayfi, M. A., & Fujo, S. W. (2022). Analysis of World Happiness Report Dataset Using Machine Learning Approaches. International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing & Its Applications, 14(1).
  • Koç, Ş. & Özcan, G. (2023). Endüstri 4.0’ın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 1-16.
  • Kula, M. C., Panday, P., & Mantia, K. (2010). Real GDP, Well-being, and Happiness. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(7), 431-443.
  • Kundu, S., Kundu, R., & Chettri, K. B. (2024). Asymmetric effects of democracy and macroeconomic factors on happiness under high and low per capita incomes: A threshold panel analysis. Ecological Economics, 216, 108030.
  • Lee, Y. Y., & Goh, K. L. (2023). The Happiness-Economic Well-Being Nexus: New Insights From Global Panel Data. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231199659.
  • Li, Q., & An, L. (2020). Corruption takes away happiness: Evidence from a cross-national study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 485-504.
  • Lin, T. Y., Chiu, Y. H., Xie, X. H., & Chang, T. H. (2023). Economic Performance, Happiness, and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries. Social Indicators Research, 1-30.
  • Ma, Y., Liu, A., Hu, X., & Shao, Y. (2020). Happiness Score Identification: a Regression Approach. In E3S Web of Conferences, 218, 01051. EDP Sciences.
  • Mazur, J., Szkultecka-Dębek, M., Dzielska, A., Drozd, M., & Małkowska-Szkutnik, A. (2018). What does the Cantril Ladder measure in adolescence?. Archives of Medical Science, 14(1), 182-189.
  • Moeini, B., Barati, M., Farhadian, M., & Ara, M. H. (2018). The association between social support and happiness among elderly in Iran. Korean journal of family medicine, 39(4), 260.
  • Moore, L. (2020). Exploring trends and factors in the world happiness report.
  • Nurdinova, S. (2021). Yaşam Memnuniyetinin Nicel ve Nitel Analizi: Türkiye'de Ev kadınlarının istihdamı örneği (Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University (Turkey)).
  • Ohtake, F. (2012). Unemployment and happiness. Japan Labor Review, 9(2), 59-74.
  • Öksüz, M. (2023). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Sosyal Harcamaların Toplumun Mutluluk Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi The Impact of Social Expenditure on Community Happiness in Selected OECD Countries.
  • Öztürk, S., & Suluk, S. (2020). Mutluluk Ekonomisi: G8 Ülkeleri Açısından Ekonomik Büyüme ve Mutluluk Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 226-249.
  • Sezmez, T. (2019). Çevre bilincinin yaşam memnuniyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Edirne, Uzunköprü ilçesi örneği.
  • Sczepanski, S. (2023). The Happiness-Income Paradox: A Cross Sectional Analysis. Empirical Economic Bulletin, An Undergraduate Journal, 16(1), 15.
  • Shackman, G., Wang, X., & Liu, Y. L. (2021). Health, Wealth and Happiness. Wealth and Happiness (July 28, 2021).
  • Süleymanlı, E. (2020). Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde Mutluluk Düzeyinin Dünya Mutluluk Araştırması Sonuçları Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyologca, (20).
  • Şeker, M. (2009). Mutluluk ekonomisi. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, (39), 115-140.
  • Taherizadeh Anaripour, J., Monsef, A., Moalemi, M., Biyabani, J., & Nejati, M. (2023). The Effect of Inflation Uncertainty on Happiness in Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of Development and Capital.
  • Topaloğlu, E. E., & Ege, İ. (2021). The Relationship between Financial Flexibility, Firm Value and Financial Performance: Panel Quantile Regression Approach on the Construction Sector. Sosyoekonomi.
  • Ulkhaq, M. M., & Adyatama, A. (2021). Clustering countries according to the world happiness report 2019. Engineering and applied science research, 48(2), 137-150.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2000). Freedom and happiness.
  • Winkelmann, R. (2014). Unemployment and happiness. IZA World of Labor.
  • Xu, L. (2022). Happiness Scores Analysis Report. In 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022). pp. 2892-2901. Atlantis Press.
  • Zeqi, L. (2020). World Happiness and Social Economic Factors. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, (4), 190-196.
  • Zhang, Y. J., Jin, Y. L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The Effect of Corruption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in APEC Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220-227.
  • Zhu, A. (2022). An Analytical View on World Happiness with Unsupervised Machine Learning. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 1-8.

Makroekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergelerin Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması: Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 62 - 78, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1453287

Abstract

Mutluluk, kamu politikalarının belirlenmesi ve toplumun refahının arttırılmasında kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu nedenle, mutluluğun ölçülmesi ve mutluluğu etkileyen faktörlerin tespit edilmesine yönelik çalışmalar politika yapıcılara yol göstermek açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 27 Avrupa ülkesinin 2005-2022 dönemine ait yıllık verileri kullanılarak mutluluğun temel belirleyicilerini belirlemek ve toplanan veriye uygun modelin geçerliliğini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan ve mutluluk düzeylerinin açıklayıcısı olması muhtemel göstergeler kuramsal literatüre uygun olarak seçilmiş ve kullanılan modellere dahil edilmiştir. Bu göstergeler, Dünya Mutluluk Raporunda sunulanların dışında (GSYİH, sağlıklı yaşam beklentisi, sosyal destek, seçim yapma özgürlüğü, cömertlik, yolsuzluk algısı, pozitif etki, negatif etki) ülkelerin işsizlik, enflasyon, gelir eşitsizliği, devlet harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme gibi makroekonomik değişkenlerdir. Derlenen veri setinin yapısına ve kullanılabilirliğine bağlı olarak ülkelerin mutluluk seviyelerini etkileyen temel göstergeler klasik panel veri modelleri ve panel kantil regresyon modeli ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan tüm modeller karşılaştırıldığında panel kantil regresyon modelinin mutluluğu etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesinde daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Klasik panel veri modellerinde anlamsız bulunan yolsuzluk algısı, pozitif etki ve büyüme değişkenlerinin farklı kantil noktalarında anlamlı çıkması çalışmanın önemli bulgularından biridir. Enflasyon ve gelir eşitsizliği değişkenleri sırasıyla %75 ve %50 kantil noktalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamsız iken diğer kantillerde anlamlı bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar panel kantil regresyonun, farklı mutluluk seviyelerine sahip ülkelerde mutluluğun belirleyicilerini daha detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirdiğini göstermekte ve politika kararlarının doğru bir şekilde yönlendirilmesi açısından literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Abdur Rahman, A., & Veenhoven, R. (2018). Freedom and happiness in nations: A research synthesis. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(2), 435-456.
  • Akgün, A. İ., Türkoğlu, S. P., & Erikli, S. (2022). Investigating The Determinants of Happiness Index In EU-27 Countries: A Quantile Regression Approach. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.
  • Aksoy, T. (2020). Mutluluk ve Kurumsal Gelişme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (56), 19-36.
  • Albayrak, G. (2022). Mutluluk Ekonomisi ve Türkiye. Turkish Business Journal, 3(5), 57-75.
  • Alkan, F., & Çilesiz, N. (2022). Mutluluk Ekonomisinin G7 Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Açısından Değerlendirilmesi.
  • Allen, S. (2018). The science of generosity. A white paper prepared for the John Templeton Foundation by the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley.
  • Araki, S. (2023). The Societal Determinants of Happiness and Unhappiness: Evidence From 152 Countries Over 15 Years. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 19485506231197803.
  • Aydınbaş, G., & Erdinç, Z. (2022). Toplum 5.0 Bağlamında Mutluluk ile İlişkilendirilen Faktörlerin Panel Veri Kanıtları. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2081-2104.
  • Balcıoğlu, Y. S., & Gözel, A. (2019) Dünya Mutluluk Raporu Analiz Sonuçlarının Yapay Sinir Ağları Yöntemleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Analizi.
  • Banerjee, A., Chakraborty, S., & Biswas, A. (2022). Statistical Issues in Modelling Happiness Level of Immigrants: An Investigation with World Happiness Report, 2018. Thailand Statistician, 20(1), 195-206.
  • Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2011). Happy for how long? How social capital and GDP relate to happiness over time.
  • Baum, C. F. (2013). Quantile regression. URL http://fmwww. bc. edu/EC-C S, 2013.
  • Bhowmick, K., & Ranjit, C. (2020). Mapping the Statistical Significance of Factors Contributing to the World Happiness Report.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., Bell, D. N., Montagnoli, A., & Moro, M. (2014). The happiness trade‐off between unemployment and inflation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 46(S2), 117-141.
  • Brandy, S. (2024). Mapping Global Joy: Descriptive Analytics of Subjective Well-Being from the World Happiness Report. International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Applications, 2(1), 32-46.
  • Buhai, S. (2005). Quantile regression: overview and selected applications. Ad Astra, 4(4), 1-17.
  • Carlsen, L. (2018). Happiness as a sustainability factor. The world happiness index: a posetic-based data analysis. Sustainability science, 13(2), 549-571.
  • Chan, Y. K., & Lee, R. P. (2006). Network size, social support and happiness in later life: A comparative study of Beijing and Hong Kong. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 87-112.
  • Dao, T. K. (2017). Government expenditure and happiness: direct and indirect effects. Master of Arts thesis in Development Studies, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.
  • Davino, C., Furno, M., & Vistocco, D. (2014). Quantile Regression: Theory and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001). Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness. American economic review, 91(1), 335-341.
  • Diener, E., Kesebir, P., & Tov, W. (2009). Happiness.
  • Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances In Subjective Well-Being Research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253-260.
  • Doğanay, M. A., & Değer, M. K. (2020). Kurumlar ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel veri analizi (2002-2018). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(19), 75-99.
  • Duran, A., Çelik, K., Adem, K. & Dümen, S. (2023). Yapay Zekâ Algoritmaları ile Dünya Mutluluğunu Tahminleme. In International Conference on Pioneer and Innovative Studies,1, 386-394.
  • Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. In Nations and Households in Economic Growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
  • Hatime, K. (2023). Veenhoven vs. Easterlin in Happiness Economics: Does Economic Growth Increase Happiness?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 10(2), 691-720.
  • Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., Neve, J. D., Aknin, L. B. & Wang, S. (2023). World happiness report, 2023.
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges. Test, 16(1), 1-22.
  • Khder, M. A., Sayfi, M. A., & Fujo, S. W. (2022). Analysis of World Happiness Report Dataset Using Machine Learning Approaches. International Journal of Advances in Soft Computing & Its Applications, 14(1).
  • Koç, Ş. & Özcan, G. (2023). Endüstri 4.0’ın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi: G7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Veri Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 1-16.
  • Kula, M. C., Panday, P., & Mantia, K. (2010). Real GDP, Well-being, and Happiness. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(7), 431-443.
  • Kundu, S., Kundu, R., & Chettri, K. B. (2024). Asymmetric effects of democracy and macroeconomic factors on happiness under high and low per capita incomes: A threshold panel analysis. Ecological Economics, 216, 108030.
  • Lee, Y. Y., & Goh, K. L. (2023). The Happiness-Economic Well-Being Nexus: New Insights From Global Panel Data. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231199659.
  • Li, Q., & An, L. (2020). Corruption takes away happiness: Evidence from a cross-national study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 485-504.
  • Lin, T. Y., Chiu, Y. H., Xie, X. H., & Chang, T. H. (2023). Economic Performance, Happiness, and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries. Social Indicators Research, 1-30.
  • Ma, Y., Liu, A., Hu, X., & Shao, Y. (2020). Happiness Score Identification: a Regression Approach. In E3S Web of Conferences, 218, 01051. EDP Sciences.
  • Mazur, J., Szkultecka-Dębek, M., Dzielska, A., Drozd, M., & Małkowska-Szkutnik, A. (2018). What does the Cantril Ladder measure in adolescence?. Archives of Medical Science, 14(1), 182-189.
  • Moeini, B., Barati, M., Farhadian, M., & Ara, M. H. (2018). The association between social support and happiness among elderly in Iran. Korean journal of family medicine, 39(4), 260.
  • Moore, L. (2020). Exploring trends and factors in the world happiness report.
  • Nurdinova, S. (2021). Yaşam Memnuniyetinin Nicel ve Nitel Analizi: Türkiye'de Ev kadınlarının istihdamı örneği (Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University (Turkey)).
  • Ohtake, F. (2012). Unemployment and happiness. Japan Labor Review, 9(2), 59-74.
  • Öksüz, M. (2023). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Sosyal Harcamaların Toplumun Mutluluk Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi The Impact of Social Expenditure on Community Happiness in Selected OECD Countries.
  • Öztürk, S., & Suluk, S. (2020). Mutluluk Ekonomisi: G8 Ülkeleri Açısından Ekonomik Büyüme ve Mutluluk Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 226-249.
  • Sezmez, T. (2019). Çevre bilincinin yaşam memnuniyeti üzerindeki etkisi: Edirne, Uzunköprü ilçesi örneği.
  • Sczepanski, S. (2023). The Happiness-Income Paradox: A Cross Sectional Analysis. Empirical Economic Bulletin, An Undergraduate Journal, 16(1), 15.
  • Shackman, G., Wang, X., & Liu, Y. L. (2021). Health, Wealth and Happiness. Wealth and Happiness (July 28, 2021).
  • Süleymanlı, E. (2020). Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde Mutluluk Düzeyinin Dünya Mutluluk Araştırması Sonuçları Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyologca, (20).
  • Şeker, M. (2009). Mutluluk ekonomisi. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, (39), 115-140.
  • Taherizadeh Anaripour, J., Monsef, A., Moalemi, M., Biyabani, J., & Nejati, M. (2023). The Effect of Inflation Uncertainty on Happiness in Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of Development and Capital.
  • Topaloğlu, E. E., & Ege, İ. (2021). The Relationship between Financial Flexibility, Firm Value and Financial Performance: Panel Quantile Regression Approach on the Construction Sector. Sosyoekonomi.
  • Ulkhaq, M. M., & Adyatama, A. (2021). Clustering countries according to the world happiness report 2019. Engineering and applied science research, 48(2), 137-150.
  • Veenhoven, R. (2000). Freedom and happiness.
  • Winkelmann, R. (2014). Unemployment and happiness. IZA World of Labor.
  • Xu, L. (2022). Happiness Scores Analysis Report. In 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022). pp. 2892-2901. Atlantis Press.
  • Zeqi, L. (2020). World Happiness and Social Economic Factors. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, (4), 190-196.
  • Zhang, Y. J., Jin, Y. L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The Effect of Corruption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in APEC Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220-227.
  • Zhu, A. (2022). An Analytical View on World Happiness with Unsupervised Machine Learning. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 1-8.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kadriye Nurdanay Öztürk 0000-0003-4108-993X

Öyküm Esra Yiğit 0000-0001-7805-3979

Publication Date May 31, 2024
Submission Date March 15, 2024
Acceptance Date May 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öztürk, K. N., & Yiğit, Ö. E. (2024). Makroekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergelerin Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Araştırılması: Panel Kantil Regresyon Yaklaşımı. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.1453287