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Awareness of the Management of Maternal Chronic Hepatitis B Infection among Family Physicians

Year 2020, , 250 - 256, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.755141

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important disease in terms of public health and one exhibiting a global decreasing trend. The severity of the disease and whether or not treatment is required must be closely monitored in pregnant women identified as HBsAg-positive. The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness of maternal chronic hepatitis B management among family physicians in primary institutions providing close pregnancy and baby monitoring.
Method: Family physicians working in primary health services were included in the study. Questions were produced concerning the management of maternal chronic hepatitis B infection to which participants could respond in an electronic environment.
Results: Two hundred nineteen physicians were included, 125 (57.1%) women and 94 (42.9%) men. Forty-three (19.6%) participants were specialist family physicians, 97 (44.3%) were assistant family physicians, and 79 (36.1%) were working as general practitioners. Participants’ mean age was 31±7.36 years, and their mean length of work experience was 5±7.6 years. We asked the physicians whether they possessed sufficient knowledge concerning hepatitis B infection. One hundred thirty-seven (62.6%) physicians described themselves as possessing adequate knowledge. One hundred twenty-six physicians stated that the hepatitis B virus passes from the mother to the baby in the intrauterine period, 195 (47.2%) that transmission occurs during birth, and 92 (22.3%) in the postnatal period. One hundred eighty-seven (85.4%) stated there was no need to avoid breastfeeding. One hundred eighty-four (84%) physicians stated that mothers were screened for hepatitis B infection during pregnancy, and 143 (65.3%) stated that HBsAg- and AntiHBs-negative pregnant women can receive hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy. One hundred fifty-six (36.4%) participants reported that they would refer an HBsAg-positive pregnant woman to an infectious diseases or gastroenterology specialist, while 178 (40.6%) and 197 (45%), respectively, stated that the baby of a mother with hepatitis B should receive hepatitis B vaccination and hepatitis B immunoglobulin. One hundred sixty-physicians (38.5%) stated that ‘I would refer a baby identified as HBsAg-positive to a pediatric infection clinic’ during the monitoring of a baby born to a mother with hepatitis B, while 76 (18%) responded ‘I would investigate AntiHBs following hepatitis B vaccination,’ and 112 stated “I would administer a further course of vaccination to babies with AntiHBs<10IU/ml’.
Conclusion: There are information deficiencies regarding the management of maternal hepatitis B infection management among family physicians working in primary health institutions providing regular pregnancy and baby monitoring. Family physicians should be given training concerning the monitoring of pregnant women and babies, algorithms to assist the monitoring process must be established, and these must be incorporated into Health Ministry policies.

References

  • Tosun S. Gebelik ve Hepatit B Viüs Enfeksiyonu. Mediterr J Infect Microb Antimicrob 2016; 5: 4.
  • Yi P, Chen R, Huang Y, et al. Management of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: Propositions and challenges. J Clin Virol. 2016; 77: 32-9.
  • Tosun S. Viral hepatitlerin ülkemizde değişen epidemiyolojisi. ANKEM Derg. 2013; 27: 128-34.
  • Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008; 57: 1-20.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 86: Viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 110: 941- 56.
  • Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology 2012; 10(5): 452-9.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012; 57(1): 167-85.
  • Petrova M, Kamburov V. Breastfeeding and chronic HBV infection: clinical and social implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(40): 5042-6.
  • Petersen J. HBV treatment and pregnancy. J Hepatol. 2011; 55(6): 1171-3.
  • Coşkun EI, Dinçgez B, Koyucu RG, et al. Gebelerde HBSAg, Anti-HBS ve Anti-HCV sıklığı. Perinatal Journal 2011; 19(2): 71-5.
  • Polat S, Camurdan A, Aksakal N, et al. Evaluation of perinatal and intrafamilial hepatitis B prevention programmes in a well child clinic: 9-year follow-up study in Turkey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2011; 105(4): 220-5.
  • Karaca Ç, Karaca N, Taner U, et al. Gebe popülasyonunda hepatit B, C,D virus infeksiyonu sıklığı ve hepatit C virusunun perinatal yolla geçiş oranı. Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi 2003; 2(3): 122-4.
  • Bilman FB, Tosun S, Yıldız İE, et al. Gebelik Döneminde HBsAg Sıklığı ve Risk Faktörlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Çok Merkezli Çalışma. Viral Hepatitlerde Eliminasyona Doğru, Trabzon, 27-29 Eylül 2019; SS-4; 39-40.
  • Bzowej NH. Optimal management of the hepatitis B patient who desires pregnancy or is pregnant. Curr Hepat Rep. 2012; 11(2): 82-9.
  • Giles ML, Visvanathan K, Lewin SR, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012; 67(1): 37-44.
  • Türkiye Viral Hepatitler Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu 2017. https://www.vhsd.org/tr/article/desc/48317/tu-rkiye-viral-hepatitler-tani-ve-tedavi-kilavuzu-2-7.html adresinden 26/02/2020 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Chen HL, Lin LH, Hu FC, et al. Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142: 773-81.
  • Recommended Adult Immunization Schedulefor ages 19 years or older. United States 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html adresinden 26/02/2020 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Degli Esposti S, Shah D. Hepatitis B in pregnancy: challenges and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011; 40(2): 355-72.
  • Demir NA, Asan A, Çelen MK, et al. Gebelikte Kronik Hepatit B Yönetimi: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği Viral Hepatit Çalışma Grubu Uzlaşı Raporu. Klimik Dergisi 2013; 26(Özel Sayı 1): 12-9.
  • Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. Eur J Pediatr. 2014; 173: 1161-8.
  • Tran TT. Hepatitis B and pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 62(4): 314-7.
  • Lin X, Guo Y, Zhou A, et al. Immunoprophylaxis failure against vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in the Chinese population: a hospital-based study and a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014; 33: 897-903.
  • Alay H, Şahiner M, Kadıoğlu BG, et al. Outcomes of Passive-Active Immunoprophylaxis Administered to Infants of Mothers Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Erzurum, Turkey. JCP 2019; 17(1): 110-120.
  • Schillie S, Murphy TV, Fenlon N, et al. Update: shortened interval for postvaccination serologic testing of infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers. MMWR 2015; 64(39): 1118-20.
  • Zheng Y, Lu Y, Ye Q, et al. Should chronic hepatitis B mothers breastfeed? A meta analysis. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 502.
  • Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005; 54(RR-16): 1-31.
  • Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005; 115(2): 496-506.
  • Borgia G, Carleo MA, Gaeta GB, et al. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(34): 4677-83.
  • Han GR, Xu CL, Zhao W, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(33): 4517-21.
  • Nguyen G, Garcia RT, Nguyen N, et al. Clinical course of hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 29(7): 755-64.
  • Rapti IN, Hadziyannis SJ. Treatment of special populations with chronic hepatitis B infection. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 5(3): 323-39.
  • Kakogawa J, Sakurabashi A, Sadatsuki M, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection in pregnancy illustrated by a case of successful treatment with entecavir. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011; 284(6): 1595-6.

Aile Hekimlerinin Maternal Kronik Hepatit B Enfeksiyonu Yönetimi Hakkındaki Farkındalık Durumu

Year 2020, , 250 - 256, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.755141

Abstract

Giriş ve Amaç: Hepatit B virüs (HBV) enfeksiyonu tüm dünyada giderek azalma eğiliminde olan halk sağlığı açısından önemli bir hastalıktır. HBsAg pozitif saptanan gebede hastalığın şiddeti ve tedavi gerekip gerekmediği yakın takip edilmelidir. Bu çalışmada gebelik ve bebek takiplerinin yakından izleminin yapıldığı birinci basamak aile hekimlerinde maternal kronik hepatit B yönetimi hakkındaki farkındalıklarını belirlemeyi amaçladık.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinde görev yapmakta olan aile hekimleri dahil edildi. Katılımcılara maternal kronik hepatit B enfeksiyonu yönetimi ile ilgili ve elektronik ortamda doldurabilecekleri anket soruları oluşturuldu.
Bulgular: Çalışmamıza 125 (%57.1)’i kadın ve 94 (%42.9)’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 219 hekim katıldı. Hekimlerin 43 (%19.6)’ü aile hekimi uzmanı, 97 (%44.3)’si aile hekimliği asistanı ve 79 (%36.1)’i pratisyen hekim olarak çalışmaktaydı. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 31±7.36 yıl, çalışma yılı ortalaması 5±7.6 yıl idi. Hekimlere hepatit B enfeksiyonu hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olup olmadıklarını sorduk. 137 (%62.6) hekim yeterli bilgiye sahip olduğunu belirtti. Hekimlerin 126 (%30.5)’sı hepatit B virüsünün anneden bebeğe intrauterin dönemde geçtiğini, 195 (%47.2)’i doğum esnasında ve 92 (%22.3)’si postnatal dönemde geçtiğini ifade etti. Katılımcıların 187 (%85.4)’sinin emzirmede sakınca olmadığını belirtti. 184 (%84) hekim gebelik döneminde annelere hepatit B enfeksiyonu taraması yapıldığını, 143 (%65.3) hekim HBsAg ve AntiHBs negatif olan gebeye gebelik döneminde hepatit B aşısı yapılabileceğini belirtti. Katılımcıların 156 (%36.4)’sı HBsAg pozitif tespit edilen gebeyi enfeksiyon hastalıkları veya gastroenteroloji uzmanına yönlendirdiğini, hepatit B’li anne bebeğine hepatit B aşısı ve hepatit B immünglobulin yapılmalıdır diyen hekimlerin sayısı sırasıyla 178 (%40.6) ve 197 (%45) idi. Hepatit B’li anneden doğan bebeğin takibinde 163 (%38.5) hekim “HBsAg pozitif saptanan bebeği pediatrik enfeksiyon kliniğine yönlendiririm”, 76 (%18) hekim “hepatit B aşı uygulamasından sonra AntiHBs bakarım”, 72 (%17) hekim “hepatit B aşı uygulamasından sonra HBsAg bakarım” ve 112 kişi “AntiHBs<10IU/ml olan bebeklere bir kür aşı daha uygularım” şeklinde ifade etti.
Sonuç: Gebelik ve bebek takiplerinin düzenli olarak yapıldığı birinci basamak sağlık kurumlarında görev yapan aile hekimlerinin maternal hepatit B virüs enfeksiyonu yönetimi konusunda bilgi eksiklikleri söz konusudur. Gebe ve bebeklerin takibi konusunda aile hekimlerine eğitimler verilmeli, takip süreçlerine yardımcı olacak algoritmalar oluşturulmalı ve Sağlık Bakanlığı politikaları içerisine dahil edilmelidir.

References

  • Tosun S. Gebelik ve Hepatit B Viüs Enfeksiyonu. Mediterr J Infect Microb Antimicrob 2016; 5: 4.
  • Yi P, Chen R, Huang Y, et al. Management of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus: Propositions and challenges. J Clin Virol. 2016; 77: 32-9.
  • Tosun S. Viral hepatitlerin ülkemizde değişen epidemiyolojisi. ANKEM Derg. 2013; 27: 128-34.
  • Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008; 57: 1-20.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 86: Viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 110: 941- 56.
  • Pan CQ, Duan ZP, Bhamidimarri KR, et al. An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology 2012; 10(5): 452-9.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2012; 57(1): 167-85.
  • Petrova M, Kamburov V. Breastfeeding and chronic HBV infection: clinical and social implications. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(40): 5042-6.
  • Petersen J. HBV treatment and pregnancy. J Hepatol. 2011; 55(6): 1171-3.
  • Coşkun EI, Dinçgez B, Koyucu RG, et al. Gebelerde HBSAg, Anti-HBS ve Anti-HCV sıklığı. Perinatal Journal 2011; 19(2): 71-5.
  • Polat S, Camurdan A, Aksakal N, et al. Evaluation of perinatal and intrafamilial hepatitis B prevention programmes in a well child clinic: 9-year follow-up study in Turkey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2011; 105(4): 220-5.
  • Karaca Ç, Karaca N, Taner U, et al. Gebe popülasyonunda hepatit B, C,D virus infeksiyonu sıklığı ve hepatit C virusunun perinatal yolla geçiş oranı. Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi 2003; 2(3): 122-4.
  • Bilman FB, Tosun S, Yıldız İE, et al. Gebelik Döneminde HBsAg Sıklığı ve Risk Faktörlerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Çok Merkezli Çalışma. Viral Hepatitlerde Eliminasyona Doğru, Trabzon, 27-29 Eylül 2019; SS-4; 39-40.
  • Bzowej NH. Optimal management of the hepatitis B patient who desires pregnancy or is pregnant. Curr Hepat Rep. 2012; 11(2): 82-9.
  • Giles ML, Visvanathan K, Lewin SR, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012; 67(1): 37-44.
  • Türkiye Viral Hepatitler Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu 2017. https://www.vhsd.org/tr/article/desc/48317/tu-rkiye-viral-hepatitler-tani-ve-tedavi-kilavuzu-2-7.html adresinden 26/02/2020 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Chen HL, Lin LH, Hu FC, et al. Effects of maternal screening and universal immunization to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of HBV. Gastroenterology. 2012; 142: 773-81.
  • Recommended Adult Immunization Schedulefor ages 19 years or older. United States 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html adresinden 26/02/2020 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
  • Degli Esposti S, Shah D. Hepatitis B in pregnancy: challenges and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011; 40(2): 355-72.
  • Demir NA, Asan A, Çelen MK, et al. Gebelikte Kronik Hepatit B Yönetimi: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği Viral Hepatit Çalışma Grubu Uzlaşı Raporu. Klimik Dergisi 2013; 26(Özel Sayı 1): 12-9.
  • Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. Eur J Pediatr. 2014; 173: 1161-8.
  • Tran TT. Hepatitis B and pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 62(4): 314-7.
  • Lin X, Guo Y, Zhou A, et al. Immunoprophylaxis failure against vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in the Chinese population: a hospital-based study and a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014; 33: 897-903.
  • Alay H, Şahiner M, Kadıoğlu BG, et al. Outcomes of Passive-Active Immunoprophylaxis Administered to Infants of Mothers Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Erzurum, Turkey. JCP 2019; 17(1): 110-120.
  • Schillie S, Murphy TV, Fenlon N, et al. Update: shortened interval for postvaccination serologic testing of infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers. MMWR 2015; 64(39): 1118-20.
  • Zheng Y, Lu Y, Ye Q, et al. Should chronic hepatitis B mothers breastfeed? A meta analysis. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 502.
  • Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005; 54(RR-16): 1-31.
  • Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005; 115(2): 496-506.
  • Borgia G, Carleo MA, Gaeta GB, et al. Hepatitis B in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(34): 4677-83.
  • Han GR, Xu CL, Zhao W, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(33): 4517-21.
  • Nguyen G, Garcia RT, Nguyen N, et al. Clinical course of hepatitis B virus infection during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009; 29(7): 755-64.
  • Rapti IN, Hadziyannis SJ. Treatment of special populations with chronic hepatitis B infection. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 5(3): 323-39.
  • Kakogawa J, Sakurabashi A, Sadatsuki M, et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection in pregnancy illustrated by a case of successful treatment with entecavir. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011; 284(6): 1595-6.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Infectious Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Handan Alay 0000-0002-4406-014X

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Acceptance Date December 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

AMA Alay H. Aile Hekimlerinin Maternal Kronik Hepatit B Enfeksiyonu Yönetimi Hakkındaki Farkındalık Durumu. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. December 2020;4(3):250-256. doi:10.34084/bshr.755141
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