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Sampling and DNA Isolation in Microbiota Studies

Year 2017, - Mikrobiyota, 50 - 55, 15.11.2017

Abstract

Microbiota changes, especially intestines in the human body, have been found to be associated with many diseases. One of the most important steps of microbiota studies; transfer, storage and preparation of the specimen under appropriate conditions. Mistakes and omissions that may occur during these stages will seriously affect the result of the study. Many factors such as age, diet, weight, antibiotic use, other medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids, etc.), hormonal conditions such as menopause / puberty, smoking / alcohol use, chronic diseases and oral dental problems must be recorded. Much of the work has been done on intestinal microbiota. However, there are also studies focusing on other parts of the body such as mouth, urogenital system, skin, respiratory tract, nose, placenta, breast milk and eye. It is generally preferred to take a fecal sample (at least 1 gram) in intestinal microbiota studies. It can be taken at home or at a health institution. The stool specimen can be stored for up to 24 hours in the room, in the refrigerator (+ 4 ° C) for a few days and at -80 ° C for long periods. If possible, several aliquots should be taken. Quick freezing (at -80°C) after taking sample is reference method. It is best to take it to the stabilization buffer before it is frozen. Rectal and faecal swab specimens have also begun to be used.It is emphasized that there are minor differences according to faecal examples, and it is more convenient and easier for bigger works. However, there is not enough work in this issue yet. Biopsy specimens from colon mucosa and column lavage fl uid may be used, although not very common. Mucosal microbiota is at the surface of the intestinal epithelium. For this reason it is less variant / consistent and interacts directly with host cells. It is therefore emphasized that mucosal biopsy specimens are gold standard sampling types. Nevertheless; colon preparation, invasive procedures such as colonoscopic biopsy, and the effect of biopsy size on the outcome are signifi cant disadvantages of this method. Various samples such as swabs or tissue sumples from other parts of the body can be used in microbiota anealysis. There is no universal DNA extraction method that can fi t all purposes for microbiota studies. High quality pure DNA is required. There are many different commercial kit available. They should be well analyzed before the study and investigated as appropriate. Automated systems have the highest effi ciency. Potential inhibitors that may affect the end must be removed.

References

  • 1. Altuntaş Y, Batman A. Mikrobiyota ve metabolik sendrom. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2017;45(3):286–296
  • 2. Jason LP, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. "The healthy human microbiome." Genome medicine 8.1 ,2016, 51.
  • 3. Thomas V, Clark J, Doré J. Fecal microbiota analysis: an overview of sample collection methods and sequencing strategies. Future microbiology 2015;10(9):1485-1504
  • 4. Marchesi JR. The Human Microbiota and Microbiome. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology. CAB International, 2014, Cardiff University, Cardiff.
  • 5. Conrad R, Vlassov AV. The Human Microbiota: Composition, Functions, and Therapeutic Potential. Med Sci Rev 2015; 2:92-103
  • 6. Tedjo DI, Jonkers DMAE, Savelkoul PH, Masclee AA, van Best N, Pierik MJ, et al. The Effect of Sampling and Storage on the Fecal Microbiota Composition in Healthy and Diseased Subjects. PLoS ONE 2015;10(5): e0126685.
  • 7. Knudsen BE, Bergmark L, Munk P, Lukjancenko O, Priemé A, Aarestrup FM, Pamp SJ. Impact of sample type and DNA isolation procedure on genomic inference of microbiome composition. mSystems 2016;1(5):e00095-16.
  • 8. Aagaard K, Petrosino J, Keitel W, Watson M, Katancik J, Garcia N, et al. The Human Microbiome Project strategy for comprehensive sampling of the human microbiome and why it matters. FASEB J. 2013;27:1012–22.
  • 9. Ottman N, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Belzer C.The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012;9:104.
  • 10. Tong M, Jacobs JP, McHardy IH, Braun J. Sampling of intestinal microbiota and targeted amplifi cation of bacterial 16S rRNA genes for microbial ecologic analysis. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2014 Nov 3;107:7.41.1-11.
  • 11. Budding AE, Grasman ME, Eck A, Bogaards JA, Vandenbroucke- Grauls CMJE, et al. Rectal Swabs for Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota. PLoS ONE 2014;9(7): e101344.
  • 12. Bassis, Christine M., et al. "Comparison of stool versus rectal swab samples and storage conditions on bacterial community profi les." BMC microbiology 17.1 (2017): 78.
  • 13. Vandeputte D, Tito RY, Vanleeuwen R, Falony G, Raes J. Practical considerations for large-scale gut microbiome studies. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017 Aug 1;41(Supp_1):S154-S167.
  • 14. Bag S, Saha B, Mehta O, Anbumani D, Kumar N. An Improved Method for High Quality Metagenomics DNA Extraction from Human and Environmental Samples. Sci Rep. 2016 May 31;6:26775.
  • 15. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012;486:207–14.
  • 16. Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science (80-) 2016;352:560–4.
  • 17. Parthasarathy G, Chen J, Chia N, O'Connor HM, Gaskins HR, Bharucha AE. Reproducibility of assessing fecal microbiota in chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Oct;29(10):1-10.
  • 18. Lauber CL, Zhou N, Gordon JI, Knight R, Fierer N. Effect of storage conditions on the assessment of bacterial community structure in soil and human-associated samples. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2010;307(1), 80–86 ().
  • 19. Watt E, Gemmell MR, Berry S, et al. Extending colonic mucosal microbiome analysis—assessment of colonic lavage as a proxy for endoscopic colonic biopsies. Microbiome. 2016;4:61.
  • 20. Yoon H, Kim N, Park JH, et al. Comparisons of Gut Microbiota Among Healthy Control, Patients With Conventional Adenoma, Sessile Serrated Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2017;22(2):108-114.
  • 21. Bao Y, Al KF, Chanyi RM, Whiteside S, Dewar M, Razvi H et al.. Questions and challenges associated with studying the microbiome of the urinary tract. Ann Transl Med. 2017 Jan; 5(2): 33.
  • 22. Rampersaud R, Randis TM, Ratner A J. Microbiota of the upper and lower genital tract. In Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012; (17)1:51-57.
  • 23. Eisen j. Best practices for sample processing and storage prior to microbiome DNA analysis freeze? buffer? process? The microbiology of the Built Environment network. 2015
  • 24. Wesolowska-Andersen A, Bahl MI, Carvalho V, Kristiansen K, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Gupta R, Licht TR.Choice of bacterial DNA extraction method from fecal material infl uences community structure as evaluated by metagenomic analysis. Microbiome. 2014 Jun 5;2:19
  • 25. Godon JJ, Zumstein E, Dabert P, Habouzit F, Moletta R. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997;63(7), 2802–2813.
  • 26. h t t p s : / / s t a t i c 1 . s q u a r e s p a c e . c o m / static/52cc70d6e4b0a6453dfaa795/t/548718b1e4b09233f73d 299b/1418139825380/Webinar+Microbiome+Vlassov.pdf
  • 27. Hart ML, Meyer A, Johnson PJ, Ericsson AC. Comparative Evaluation of DNA Extraction Methods from Feces of Multiple Host Species for Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing. Hofreiter M, ed. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0143334.

Mikrobiyota Çalışmalarında Örnek Alımı ve DNA İzolasyonu

Year 2017, - Mikrobiyota, 50 - 55, 15.11.2017

Abstract

İnsan vücudunda başta bağırsaklar olmak üzere mikrobiyota değişikliklerinin birçok hastalıkla ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Mikrobiyota çalışmalarının en önemli basamaklarından biri; numunenin uygun şartlarda toplanması, transferi, saklanması ve yine uygun koşullarda dizileme işlemlerine hazır hale getirilmesidir. Bu aşamalarda oluşabilecek hatalar ve eksiklikler çalışma sonucunu ciddi şekilde etkileyecektir. Yaş, diyet, kilo, antibiyotik kullanımı, diğer ilaçlar (metformin, proton pompa inhibitörleri, kortikosteroidler v.b.), menapoz/puberte gibi hormonal durumlar, sigara/alkol kullanımı, kronik hastalıklar ve ağız diş sorunları gibi birçok faktör mikrobiyota üzerine etkili olduğundan kayıt altına alınmalıdır. Çalışmaların büyük bir kısmı bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine yapılmıştır. Ancak; ağız, ürogenital sistem, deri, solunum yolu, burun, plesenta, anne sütü ve göz gibi vücudun diğer kısımlarına odaklanan çalışmalar da bulunmaktadır. Bağırsak mikrobiyota çalışmalarında genellikle dışkı örneği (en az 1 gram) alınması tercih edilmektedir. Evde veya sağlık kurumunda alınabilir. Dışkı örneği, oda ısısında en fazla 24 saat, buzdolabında (+4°C) birkaç gün ve -80°C’de uzun süre saklanabilmektedir. Mümkünse birkaç alikot alınmalıdır. Fekal örneğin alındıktan sonra hızlıca dondurulması (-80°C) referans yöntemdir. Dondurulmadan önce stabilizasyon tamponuna alınması en uygunudur. Rektal ve fekal swab örnekleri de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Fekal örneklere göre minör farklılıklar olduğu vurgulanmakta, daha kullanışlı, daha kolay ve büyük çalışmalara uygundur. Ancak bu konuda henüz yeterli sayıda çalışma yoktur. Kolon mukozasından alınan biyopsi örnekleri ve kolon lavaj sıvısı, çok yaygın olmasa da kullanılabilir. Mukozal mikrobiyota, bağırsak epitelinin yüzeyindedir. Bu nedenle daha az değişkendir/tutarlıdır ve konak hücreleri ile doğrudan etkileşim içerisindedir. Bundan dolayı mukozal biyopsi örneklerinin gold standart örnekleme tipi olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Ancak; kolonun hazırlığı, kolonoskopik biyopsi gibi invaziv bir işlem gerektirmesi ve biyopsi boyutunun da sonucu etkileyebilmesi bu yöntemin önemli dezavantajlarıdır. Vücudun diğer bölgelerinden sürüntü veya doku örnekleri v.b. çeşitli örnekler mikrobiyota analizlerinde kullanılabilir. Mikrobiyota çalışmaları için tüm amaçlara uyabilecek evrensel DNA ekstraksiyon yöntemi yoktur. Yüksek kaliteli saf DNA gereklidir. Çok sayıda farklı yöntemlerle çalışan ticari kit mevcuttur. Bunlar, çalışma öncesi iyi analiz edilip amaca uygun oldukları araştırılmalıdır. Otomatize sistemler en yüksek verimliliğe sahiptir. Sonucu etkileyebilecek potansiyel inhibitörlerin uzaklaştırılmalıdır.

References

  • 1. Altuntaş Y, Batman A. Mikrobiyota ve metabolik sendrom. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2017;45(3):286–296
  • 2. Jason LP, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. "The healthy human microbiome." Genome medicine 8.1 ,2016, 51.
  • 3. Thomas V, Clark J, Doré J. Fecal microbiota analysis: an overview of sample collection methods and sequencing strategies. Future microbiology 2015;10(9):1485-1504
  • 4. Marchesi JR. The Human Microbiota and Microbiome. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology. CAB International, 2014, Cardiff University, Cardiff.
  • 5. Conrad R, Vlassov AV. The Human Microbiota: Composition, Functions, and Therapeutic Potential. Med Sci Rev 2015; 2:92-103
  • 6. Tedjo DI, Jonkers DMAE, Savelkoul PH, Masclee AA, van Best N, Pierik MJ, et al. The Effect of Sampling and Storage on the Fecal Microbiota Composition in Healthy and Diseased Subjects. PLoS ONE 2015;10(5): e0126685.
  • 7. Knudsen BE, Bergmark L, Munk P, Lukjancenko O, Priemé A, Aarestrup FM, Pamp SJ. Impact of sample type and DNA isolation procedure on genomic inference of microbiome composition. mSystems 2016;1(5):e00095-16.
  • 8. Aagaard K, Petrosino J, Keitel W, Watson M, Katancik J, Garcia N, et al. The Human Microbiome Project strategy for comprehensive sampling of the human microbiome and why it matters. FASEB J. 2013;27:1012–22.
  • 9. Ottman N, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Belzer C.The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012;9:104.
  • 10. Tong M, Jacobs JP, McHardy IH, Braun J. Sampling of intestinal microbiota and targeted amplifi cation of bacterial 16S rRNA genes for microbial ecologic analysis. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2014 Nov 3;107:7.41.1-11.
  • 11. Budding AE, Grasman ME, Eck A, Bogaards JA, Vandenbroucke- Grauls CMJE, et al. Rectal Swabs for Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota. PLoS ONE 2014;9(7): e101344.
  • 12. Bassis, Christine M., et al. "Comparison of stool versus rectal swab samples and storage conditions on bacterial community profi les." BMC microbiology 17.1 (2017): 78.
  • 13. Vandeputte D, Tito RY, Vanleeuwen R, Falony G, Raes J. Practical considerations for large-scale gut microbiome studies. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017 Aug 1;41(Supp_1):S154-S167.
  • 14. Bag S, Saha B, Mehta O, Anbumani D, Kumar N. An Improved Method for High Quality Metagenomics DNA Extraction from Human and Environmental Samples. Sci Rep. 2016 May 31;6:26775.
  • 15. Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012;486:207–14.
  • 16. Falony G, Joossens M, Vieira-Silva S et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science (80-) 2016;352:560–4.
  • 17. Parthasarathy G, Chen J, Chia N, O'Connor HM, Gaskins HR, Bharucha AE. Reproducibility of assessing fecal microbiota in chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Oct;29(10):1-10.
  • 18. Lauber CL, Zhou N, Gordon JI, Knight R, Fierer N. Effect of storage conditions on the assessment of bacterial community structure in soil and human-associated samples. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2010;307(1), 80–86 ().
  • 19. Watt E, Gemmell MR, Berry S, et al. Extending colonic mucosal microbiome analysis—assessment of colonic lavage as a proxy for endoscopic colonic biopsies. Microbiome. 2016;4:61.
  • 20. Yoon H, Kim N, Park JH, et al. Comparisons of Gut Microbiota Among Healthy Control, Patients With Conventional Adenoma, Sessile Serrated Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2017;22(2):108-114.
  • 21. Bao Y, Al KF, Chanyi RM, Whiteside S, Dewar M, Razvi H et al.. Questions and challenges associated with studying the microbiome of the urinary tract. Ann Transl Med. 2017 Jan; 5(2): 33.
  • 22. Rampersaud R, Randis TM, Ratner A J. Microbiota of the upper and lower genital tract. In Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012; (17)1:51-57.
  • 23. Eisen j. Best practices for sample processing and storage prior to microbiome DNA analysis freeze? buffer? process? The microbiology of the Built Environment network. 2015
  • 24. Wesolowska-Andersen A, Bahl MI, Carvalho V, Kristiansen K, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Gupta R, Licht TR.Choice of bacterial DNA extraction method from fecal material infl uences community structure as evaluated by metagenomic analysis. Microbiome. 2014 Jun 5;2:19
  • 25. Godon JJ, Zumstein E, Dabert P, Habouzit F, Moletta R. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1997;63(7), 2802–2813.
  • 26. h t t p s : / / s t a t i c 1 . s q u a r e s p a c e . c o m / static/52cc70d6e4b0a6453dfaa795/t/548718b1e4b09233f73d 299b/1418139825380/Webinar+Microbiome+Vlassov.pdf
  • 27. Hart ML, Meyer A, Johnson PJ, Ericsson AC. Comparative Evaluation of DNA Extraction Methods from Feces of Multiple Host Species for Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing. Hofreiter M, ed. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0143334.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Mehmet Köroğlu

Publication Date November 15, 2017
Acceptance Date October 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 - Mikrobiyota

Cite

AMA Köroğlu M. Mikrobiyota Çalışmalarında Örnek Alımı ve DNA İzolasyonu. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. November 2017;1:50-55.
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