COVID-19 Immunopathogenesis and Cytokine Storm

Year 2020, COVID-19Special Issue, 65 - 69, 30.04.2020

Tuğba Ayhancı , Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.726976

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Coronavirus pandemic is a global health crisis that continues due to COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although mild, flu-like symptoms are seen in the majority of patients affected by the virus, some patients experience serious complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure due to hyperinflamation and cytokine storm syndrome. Information about the pathology of the disease is at a limited level. In this review, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is examined under the available data.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, immunopathogenesis, cytokine storm

COVID-19 İmmünopatogenezi ve Sitokin Fırtınası

Abstract

Koronavirüs pandemisi, ciddi akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2)’nin neden olduğu COVID-19 nedeniyle devam eden küresel bir sağlık krizidir. Virüsten etkilenen hastaların çoğunda hafif, grip benzeri semptomlar görülse de bazı hastalarda pnömoni, akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu ile hiperenflamasyon ve sitokin fırtınası sendromu kaynaklı organ yetmezliği gibi ciddi komplikasyonlar görülmektedir. Hastalığının patobiyolojisi ile ilgili bilgiler ise henüz sınırlı düzeydedir. Bu derlemede, mevcut veriler altında COVID-19 patogenezi irdelenmektedir.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, immünopatogenez, sitokin fırtınası

References

• 1. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (Son Erişim: 25.04.2020)
• 2. Wang LF, Shi Z, Zhang S, et al. Review of batsand SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12 (12): 1834-1840.
• 3. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with humanrespiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265-269.
• 4. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infectedwith 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223): 497-506.
• 5. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama. 2020; 323(11): 1061-1069.
• 6. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England journal of medicine. 2020.
• 7. Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S, Lv J, Zhang X et al. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). MedRxiv. 2020.
• 8. Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, Yuan J, Yang M et al. Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome. MedRxiv 2020.
• 9. Zahir JP, Felix AR, Miyara M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. Qeios. 2020.
• 10. Tufan A, Avanoğlu A, Matuccı-Cerını M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50: 620-632.
• 11. George MR. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: review of etiologies and management. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2014; 5: 69-86.
• 12. Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al. Adult haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet. 2014; 383 (9927): 1503-1516.
• 13. McGonagle D, Sharif K, O’Regan A et al. Interleukin-6 use in COVID-19 pneumonia related macrophage activation syndrome. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2020: 102537.
• 14. Chen, X. Ling J, Mo P, et al. Restoration of leukomonocyte counts is associated with viral clearance in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Preprint at medRxiv. 2020.
• 15. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020.
• 16. Moore BJ and Carl H. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020.
• 17. Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhu C, et al. Immune phenotyping based on neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio and IgG predicts disease severity and outcome for patients with COVID-19. Preprint at medRxiv. 2020.
• 18. S. Kang, T. Tanaka, M. Narazaki, et al. Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic. Immunity. 2019;50 (4): 1007-1023. 19. Li T, Qiu Z, Zhang L, Han Y, He W et al. Significant changes of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004; 189 (4): 648-651.
• 20. Liu W, Fontanet A, Zhang PH, et al. Two-year prospective study ofthe humoral immune response of patients with severe acute respira-tory syndrome. J Infect Dis. 2006; 193(6): 792-795.
• 21. Hsueh PR, Huang LM, Chen PJ,et al. Chronological evo-lution of IgM, IgA, IgG and neutralisation antibodies after infectionwith SARS-associated coronavirus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004; 10 (12): 1062-1066
• 22. Xuetao Cao. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy Nat Rev Immunol. 2020; 9: 1–2
• 23. Shen, C. et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Jama. 2020.
• 24. Yufang Shi, Ying Wang, Changshun Shao, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020.
• 25. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/how-does-coronavirus-kill-clinicians-trace-ferocious-rampage-through-body-brain-toes (Son Erişim: 25.04.2020)