COVID 19 Vaccines; Towards The end of The Pandemic?

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 240 - 249, 31.12.2020

Elmas Pınar Kahraman Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.843974

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Globally, there is strong consensus that a COVID-19 vaccine is probably the most effective approach to sustainably take control of the COVID-19 pandemic. An unprecedented research effort and global coordination has led to the rapid development of vaccine candidates and trials being initiated. In this article, vaccine technologies and vaccine types will be reviewed, and vaccines candidates against SARS-CoV-2 (virus that causes COVID-19), currently undergoing early phase human trials, will be examined in detail. In addition, the difficulties of developing and distributing a new vaccine on a global scale will be revealed, and the steps to be taken in the country and globally regarding the expectations regarding the preparation of vaccines for other possible future epidemics will be listed.

Keywords

SARS CoV-2, COVID-19, VACCINE, PANDEMIC, ANTI-VACCINE

COVID-19 Aşıları; Pandemide Sona Doğru?

Abstract

Küresel olarak, bir COVID-19 aşısının, COVID-19 pandemisini sürdürülebilir şekilde kontrol altına almak için muhtemelen en etkili yaklaşım olduğuna dair güçlü bir fikir birliği vardır. Eşi görülmemiş bir araştırma çabası ve küresel koordinasyon, aşı adaylarının hızla gelişmesine ve denemelerin başlatılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu yazıda, aşı teknolojileri ve aşı türlerini gözden geçirilmekte, şu anda erken faz insan denemelerinden geçen SARS-CoV-2'ye (COVID-19'a neden olan virüs) karşı geliştirilen aşı adayları detaylı incelenecektir. Ayrıca, küresel ölçekte yeni bir aşı geliştirmenin ve dağıtımının zorlukları gözler önüne serilecek, ileride olabilecek muhtemel diğer salgınlar için aşı hazırlama ile ilgili beklentiler konusunda ülke ve küresel anlamda atılması gereken adımlar sıralanacaktır.

Keywords

SARS CoV-2, COVID-19, AŞI, PANDEMİ, AŞI KARŞITLIĞI

References

• WHO. Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China. 5 January 2020. Disease outbreak news. 2020. https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/ (accessed, Dec 10, 2020)
• Hui DS, Azhar IE, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;91:264–266.
• Masihi K Noel. Fighting infection using immunomodulatory agents. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2001;1(4):641–653.
• Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X. Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1620):1-12.
• Gennaro FD, Pizzol D, Marotta C, et al. Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:2690.
• Lipsitch M, Swerdlow DL, Finelli L. Defining the epidemiology of COVID-19–Studies needed. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1194–1196.
• Budak F, Korkmaz Ş. COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNE YÖNELİK GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Yönetim Dergisi. 2020;1:62-79.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Güncel COVID-19 Vaka Sayıları. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr (Erişim, Aralık 12, 2020)
• Kutlu R. What We Have Learned About The New Coronavirus Pandemic, Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches and The Situation in Turkey. TJFMPC. 2020;14(2):329-344.
• Tabipler Birliği. COVID-19 Pandemı̇sı̇ İkı̇ Aylık Değerlendı̇rme Raporu. 14 Mayıs 2020. https://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/files/covid19-rapor.pdf (Erişim, Aralık 12, 2020)
• How Vaccines Work, updated 15 August 2016, Vaccine Information You Need. http://www.vaccineinformation.org/how-vaccines-work (Accessed, Aralık 11, 2020)
• Ho, Gibaldi. Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals (Transforming Proteins and Genes into Drugs). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-20690-3 Copyright © 2003.
• Types of Vaccine. WHO. Module 1: Introduction to Vaccine Safety. http://vaccine-safety-training.org/types-of-vaccine-overview.html (accessed, Aralık 11, 2020)
• Cruse Julius M, Robert L. Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology (3rd ed.). CRC Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780849379888
• Haque A, Pant AB. Efforts at COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Challenges and Successes. Vaccines. 2020;8(4):739.
• CDC. What Clinicians Need to Know About the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. 13 Aralık 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/downloads/pfizer-biontech-vaccine-what-Clinicians-need-to-know.pdf (accessed, Aralık 19, 2020)
• Selçuk Üniversitesi. Kurumsal İletişim Koordinatörlüğü. Selçuk Üniversitesi aşı çalışmaları Dünya Sağlık Örgütü listesinde. https://selcuk.edu.tr/HaberKulturSporDetay/2020-selcuk-universitesi-asi-calismalari-dunya-saglik-orgutu-listesinde--4504 (Erişim, Aralık 19, 2020)
• Chroboczek J, Szurgot I, Szolajska E. Virus-like particles as vaccine. Acta Biochim Pol. 2014;61(3):531–539.
• Keller SA, Bauer M, Manolova V, Muntwiler S, Saudan P, Bachmann MF. Cutting edge: limited specialization of dendritic cell subsets for MHC class II-associated presentation of viral particles. J Immunol. 2010;184:26–29.
• Graham RL, Donaldson EF, Baric RS. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:836-848.
• Kumar V, Jung YS, Liang PH. Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: a patent review (2008 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2013;23;1337-1348.
• de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016;14:523–534.
• Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses. 2019;11:59.
• Funk CD, Laferriere C; Ardakani A. A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020;11:937–954.
• Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, et al. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(6):1232–1238.
• WHO. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. 2020b. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines (accessed, Dec 13, 2020)
• Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(5):305-306.
• Baruah V, Bose S. Immunoinformatics‐aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019‐nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92:495–500.
• Liu L, Wang P, Nair MS, et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike. Nature. 2020;584(7821):450-456.
• AA Haber Ajansı. Kovid-19'u yenebilecek aşı çalışmalarında bir yıldan kısa sürede ilk sonuçlar alındı. 6 Aralık 2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/kovid-19u-yenebilecek-asi-calismalarinda-bir-yildan-kisa-surede-ilk-sonuclar-alindi/2067214 (erişim, Aralık 14, 2020)
• Eyal N, Lipsitch M, Smith PG. Human Challenge Studies to Accelerate Coronavirus Vaccine Licensure. s.l.: The Journal of infectious diseases. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1752–1756.
• Anon. COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2. 2020. http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/diseases-research/sars-cov-2/ (acessed, April 30, 2020).
• Linlin Bao, Wei Deng, Baoying Huang, et al. The Pathogenicity of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in hACE2 Transgenic. s.l. bioRxiv. 2020 doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939389. preprint.
• Imai M, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Hatta M, et al. Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020;117(28):16587–16595.
• Yip MS, Leung HL, Li PH, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in the pathogenesis of SARS. Hong Kong Med J. 2016;22(3 Suppl 4):25-31.
• Graham BS. Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development. Science. 2020;368(6494):945-946.
• van Dorp L, Acman M, Richard D, et al. Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;83:104351.